Since vertical mobility is present to varying degrees in any society, there are certain ways or channels through which individuals are able to most effectively move up or down the social ladder. They are called channels of social mobility or social lift.

The most important channels of social mobility, according to P. Sorokin, are: the army, church, school, political, economic and professional organizations.

Let's start with the army. Service in it at all times made it possible to move up the social ladder. Losses during wars among the commanders led to the filling of vacancies by people of lower ranks.

The choice of a social mobility elevator is of great importance in choosing a profession and in recruiting personnel. P. A. Sorokin named eight elevators by which people move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal career. The theory of personality types allows you to make recommendations for choosing these elevators. A psychologist and a technician are complete opposites to each other, a speaker and a theorist are also opposites to each other, therefore it is strictly forbidden for a technician to choose elevators recommended for a psychologist, and for a speaker - elevators for a theorist. In a pinch, the speaker may choose the lifts recommended for the psychologist and technician, but the speaker will always be somewhat inferior to these types in professional terms when using their lifts. Other types - respectively.

Thus, there are eight vertical mobility elevators:

Army. 36 Roman emperors (Caesar, Augustus, etc.) out of 92 achieved their position through military service. 12 of the 65 Byzantine emperors achieved their status for the same reason. This elevator is for speakers. Speakers are better than other personality types, they know how to control soldiers, they have a penchant for adventurism, they know how to accept correct solution in a short time and in the absence of complete information about the situation. All the great commanders were speakers - Alexander the Great, Caesar, Napoleon, Alexander Nevsky, Suvorov, Kutuzov, Cromwell, Zhukov. Appearance in the modern army a large number sophisticated technology opened up employment opportunities for technicians in secondary roles.

Church. The significance of this lift reached its peak in the Middle Ages, when the bishop was also a landlord, when the Pope of Rome could dismiss kings and emperors, for example, Pope Gregory 7 in 1077 deposed, humiliated and excommunicated the German emperor Henry 7. Of 144 28 popes were of simple origin, 27 came from the middle classes. The institution of celibacy forbade Catholic priests to marry and have children, therefore, after their death, the vacant positions were occupied by new people, which prevented the formation of a hereditary oligarchy and accelerated the process of vertical mobility. The Prophet Muhammad was at first a simple merchant, and then became the ruler of Arabia. This elevator is for psychologists. In the church, only men are selected for the role of priests, so female psychologists are forced to realize their abilities in a monastery, sect, witchcraft and black magic. Psychologists, unlike other personality types, have a penchant for spirituality and a fanatical belief in supernatural forces. The leadership of the church is sometimes infiltrated by speakers who are completely devoid of fanaticism. All the founders of religion - Christ, Mohammed, Buddha - were psychologists.

School and scientific organizations. In ancient China, the school was the main elevator in society. According to the recommendations of Confucius, a system of educational selection (selection) was built. Schools were open to all classes, the best students were transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, from there the best students got into the government and to the highest state and military posts. There was no hereditary aristocracy. The Mandarin government in China was a government of intellectuals who knew how to write literary compositions, but did not understand business and did not know how to fight, so China more than once became an easy prey for nomads (Mongols and Manchus) and European colonizers. In modern society, business and politics should be the main elevators. The school elevator was also of great importance in Turkey under Suleiman the Magnificent (1522-1566), when talented children from all over the country were sent to special schools, then to the Janissary corps, and then to the guard and state machine. In ancient India, the lower castes did not have the right to receive education, i.e. the school elevator moved only on the upper floors. You can't borrow in the US today public office without a university degree. Of the 829 British geniuses, 71 were the sons of unskilled workers. 4% of Russian academicians came from the peasantry, for example, Lomonosov. This elevator is designed for theorists, they are the ones who are able to learn from the heart. Students-speakers do not like to study or study only for the sake of good grades, therefore it is the speakers who are the organizers of the disruption of the lesson. Technicians are nerds. Psychologists tend to beg the teacher for good grades. In science, there is the following division of labor: the role of the creators of theories is for theoreticians, the role of the experimenter is for technicians. Speakers prone to plagiarism are left with the role of the organizer of scientific conferences, and psychologists - the role of a utopian. All the great scientists - Euclid, Archimedes, Aristotle, Newton, Lomonosov, Comte - were theorists. All inventors in the field of engineering, such as Faraday and Edison, were technicians. All utopians, such as Plato and Marx, were psychologists.

Political lift, i.e. government groups and parties. The first grade in politics is the speaker, the second grade is the psychologist, the third grade is the technician, the fourth grade is the theorist. It is the speakers who know how to win in such types of political conflict as elections, uprising and Civil War. It is the speakers who know how to manage a political party and command an armed detachment. The psychologist has the highest level of skill in organizing conspiracies, political assassinations, terrorist acts, behind-the-scenes struggle of bureaucratic cliques. The role of the tyrant is reserved for the psychologist. A technician is able to gain power only by inheritance or patronage. The role of an official is reserved for a technician. The role of the ruler's adviser is reserved for the theorist. Speakers in politics are "lions", psychologists are "foxes", technicians are conservatives, theorists are reformers. Yeltsin, Gorbachev, Khrushchev, Lenin, Peter 1, Catherine 2, Bill Clinton, Churchill, Mussolini, Zhirinovsky, Luzhkov, Nemtsov are examples of political speakers. Stalin, Hitler, Ivan the Terrible, Nero, Caligula, Brezhnev are examples of psychologists in politics. Putin, Molotov, Kosygin, Nikolai 2, Bush, Nikolai 1, Alexander 3 are examples of technicians in politics. Gaidar, Gref, Novodvorskaya, Sakharov, Sobchak are examples of political theorists.

The factors of social mobility at the micro level are directly the social environment of the individual, as well as his total life resource, and at the macro level - the state of the economy, the level of scientific and technological development, the nature of the political regime, the prevailing system of stratification, the nature natural conditions etc.

Social mobility is measured using indicators: the volume of mobility - the number of individuals or social strata that have moved up the social ladder in a vertical direction over a certain period of time, and the distance of mobility - the number of steps that an individual or group managed to climb or descend.

How, then, within the framework of the stable social structure of society, does social mobility occur, that is, the movement of individuals along this very social structure? It is obvious that such a movement within the framework of a complexly organized system cannot occur spontaneously, disorganized, chaotically. Unorganized, spontaneous movements are possible only during periods of social instability, when the social structure is shattered, loses stability, and collapses. In a stable social structure, significant movements of individuals occur in strict accordance with a developed system of rules for such movements (stratification system). In order to change his status, an individual most often must not only have the desire to do so, but also receive approval from the social environment. Only in this case is a real change in status possible, which will mean a change by the individual of his position within the framework of the social structure of society. So, if a boy or girl decides to become students of a certain university (acquire the status of a student), then their desire will be only the first step towards the status of a student of this university. Obviously, in addition to personal aspirations, it is also important that the applicant meets the requirements that apply to everyone who has expressed a desire to study in this specialty. Only after confirmation of such compliance (for example, during entrance examinations) does the applicant achieve the assignment of the desired status to him - the applicant becomes a student.

In modern society, whose social structure is highly complex and institutionalized, most social movements are associated with certain social institutions. That is, most statuses exist and have meaning only within the framework of specific social institutions. The status of a student or teacher cannot exist in isolation from the institution of education; the status of a doctor or a patient - in isolation from the Institute of Public Health; Candidate or Doctor of Science statuses are outside the Institute of Science. This gives rise to the idea of ​​social institutions as a kind of social spaces within which most of the changes in status occur. Such spaces are called channels of social mobility.

In the strict sense, this refers to such social structures, mechanisms, methods that can be used to implement social mobility. As mentioned above, in modern society, social institutions most often act as such channels. The political authorities, political parties, public organizations, economic structures, professional labor organizations and unions, army, church, education system, family and clan ties. Organized crime structures are also of great importance today, which have their own mobility system, but often have a strong influence on the “official” mobility channels (for example, corruption).

In their totality, the channels of social mobility act as an integral system, complementing, limiting, and stabilizing each other's activities. As a result, we can talk about a universal system of institutional and legal procedures for moving individuals through a stratification structure, which is a complex mechanism of social selection. In the event of any attempt by an individual to improve his social position, that is, to increase his social status, he will be “tested” to one degree or another for compliance with the requirements for the bearer of this status. Such a “test” can be formal (exam, testing), semi-formal ( probation, interview) and informal (the decision is made solely due to the personal inclinations of the testers, but based on their ideas about the desirable qualities of the subject) procedures.

For example, in order to enter a university, you must pass an entrance exam. But in order to be accepted into a new family, you need to go through a long process of getting to know the existing rules and traditions, confirm your loyalty to them, and get the approval of the dominant members of this family. It is obvious that in each case there is both a formal need to meet certain requirements (level of knowledge, special training, physical data), and a subjective assessment of the efforts of the individual by the examiners. Depending on the situation, either the first or the second component is more important.

It can be concluded that Theorists are able to make a career with the help of only one scientific elevator due to the small number of worthy competitors, since the share of theorists in the population - 3% - is negligible. The career of a theorist is reminiscent of railway- from station to station, from stage to stage strictly according to the schedule, according to the long-term plan. But he is incapable of making any other career than a scientific career. Making a career on your own without the support of friends and associates is a difficult task.

Technicians occupy a stable middle position on the social ladder by virtue of being second-class rather than last-class when using many important elevators. Technicians make their careers slowly and surely, they diligently crawl up the steps of the social ladder and never change from one elevator to another, they prefer to inherit power.

social mobility

Social mobility is divided into vertical And horizontal.

Vertical mobility- moving a person up or down the corporate ladder.

• Upward mobility - social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).
• Downward mobility - social descent, downward movement (For example: demolition).

Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another

located on the same level. Distinguish between individual mobility - the movement of one person independently of others, and group mobility - the movement occurs collectively. In addition, they distinguish geographic mobility - moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status. As a kind of geographical mobility, the concepts of migration are distinguished - moving from one place to another with a change in status.

There are the following types of migration By:

• character - labor and political reasons;
• duration - temporary (seasonal) and permanent;
• territories - internal and international;
• status - legal and illegal.

Social elevators

Social lift - a concept similar to vertical mobility, but more often used in the modern context of discussion elite theories as one of the means of rotation of the ruling elite.

Elite theory- a concept that suggests that the people as a whole cannot govern the state and this function is assumed by the elite of society.

Generational mobility

Intergenerational mobility - comparative change social status in different generations.

Intragenerational mobility (social career) is a change in status within one generation. Vertical and horizontal mobility are influenced by gender, age, birth rate, death rate, population density. In general, men and young people are more mobile than women and the elderly. Overpopulated countries are more likely to experience the effects of emigration than immigration. Where the birth rate is high, the population is younger and therefore more mobile, and vice versa.

Elevators of social mobility

The choice of a social mobility elevator is of great importance in choosing a profession and in recruiting personnel. Sorokin named eight elevators of vertical mobility, which people move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal career.

• Army;
• Religious organizations;
• School and scientific organizations;
• Political lift, i.e. government groups and parties;
• Art;
• Press, television, radio;
• Economic organizations;
• Family and marriage.

The most complete description of channels vertical mobility was given by P. Sorokin. Only he calls them `channels vertical circulation`. He believes that there are no impassable borders between the strata. Between them there are various `elevators`, on which individuals move up and down.

Of particular interest are social institutions - the army, church, school, family, property, which are used as channels social circulation.

The army functions as a channel vertical circulation is greatest in wartime. Large losses among the command staff lead to the filling of vacancies from lower ranks. In wartime, soldiers advance through talent and bravery.

It is known that out of 92 Roman emperors, 36 reached this rank, starting from the lower ranks. Of the 65 Byzantine emperors, 12 advanced through military careers. Napoleon and his entourage, marshals, generals and the kings of Europe appointed by him, came from commoners. Cromwell, Grant, Washington and thousands of other commanders have risen to the highest positions thanks to the army.
The Church, like a drip of social circulation, has moved a large number of people from the bottom to the top. societies. P. Sorokin studied the biographies of 144 Roman Catholic popes and found that 28 came from the lower classes, and 27 from the middle strata. The institution of celibacy (celibacy), introduced in the 11th century. Pope Gregory VII ordered the Catholic clergy not to have children. Thanks to this, after the death of officials, the vacant positions were filled with new people.

In addition to the upward movement, the church became a channel for the downward movement. Thousands of heretics, pagans, enemies of the church were brought to justice, ruined and destroyed. Among them were many kings, dukes, princes, lords, aristocrats and nobles of the highest ranks.

School. Institutes of education and upbringing, whatever specific form they did not acquire, in all ages they served as a powerful channel of social circulation. in the open society The `social elevator` moves from the very bottom, passes through all floors and reaches the very top.

During the era of Confucius, schools were open to all classes. Examinations were held every three years. The best students, regardless of their marital status, were selected and transferred to higher schools, and then to universities, from where they got to high government posts.

Thus, the Chinese school constantly elevated ordinary people and prevented the promotion of representatives of the upper strata if they did not meet the requirements.

The great competition for colleges and universities in many countries is explained by the fact that education is the fastest and most accessible channel of social circulation.

Property most clearly manifests itself in the form of accumulated wealth and money. They are one of the simplest and most effective ways social promotion.

Family and marriage become channels vertical circulation in the event that representatives of different social statuses enter the union. In European society, the marriage of a poor, but titled partner with a rich, but not noble, was common. As a result, both moved up the social ladder, getting what each wanted.

SOCIAL ELEVATORS

AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

| Romanova Kira Stepanovna,

Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch Russian Academy Sciences,

Senior Research Fellow, Department of Philosophy,

"^Н| Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor,

Yekaterinburg, Russia,

Email: [email protected]

annotation

In the article the author examines the role and importance of social lifts for the development of social dynamics. Social elevators in the history of society were present from the very beginning. Historical types of states and forms of ownership have determined the dominance of these social elevators, often running illusory elevators in parallel. The destruction of the system of social elevators leads to the degradation of society, because without them it is impossible to either build a modern society or start mechanisms economic growth.

Keywords:

social lift, mobility, dynamics, personality, state.

Fundamental theory of social dynamics, spanning many centuries, different countries and culture, belongs to the outstanding founder of the Russian and American sociological schools, Pitirim Sorokin, and has not yet been fully mastered. Analyzing the principle of immanent change in socio-cultural systems, P. Sorokin concludes that: 1) the basis (or reason) for changing any socio-cultural system lies in itself, and should not be looked for somewhere else; 2) an additional reason for changing the system is environment, which, in turn, consists mainly of immanently changing systems; 3) any socio-cultural system that changes immanently, continuously generates a number of immanent consequences, which, in turn, change not only the environment, the surrounding system, but also the system itself. At

Currently, there is a renewed interest in social mobility as a form of social dynamics. This is due to the global migration of the population, which repaints the skin color of the European population, changes its religiosity (Islamization), and the relative impoverishment of the peoples, and the collapse of the communist camp led by Soviet Union. Along with the collapse of communist ideology, the importance of the critical paradigm, which fixes the collapse of downward social mobility and a sharp increase in inequality in post-Soviet societies, has grown. Self-understanding by society of its real state is only the basis for finding ways out of it.

Social mobility is a change by an individual or group of social position,

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place occupied in the social structure. The source of social mobility is the social heterogeneity of society, its socio-economic stratification. The causes of social mobility are revolutions and other similar changes, wars and military conflicts, enrichment, ruin (bankruptcy). The vector orientation of mobility can be horizontal and vertical. Horizontal mobility is, first of all, territorial or geographic mobility. Vertical mobility, in turn, can be ascending, that is, one that “enlarges” a person, improves his social status in many respects, and downward, which is associated with the loss of social positions.

Pitirim Sorokin singled out three main social elevators: the army, the family and the church. In practice, there are significantly more options for social elevators. Each historical time and each society has its own system of social elevators, which made it possible to optimize the conditions under which a person, regardless of the social status of his parents, had a relative opportunity to try to climb up the social ladder. In Soviet times, society built communism, it was a global non-material idea that united the people, and with a relatively poor people, allowed society as a whole to succeed based on the enthusiasm and social activity of the individual. During this historical period, the army, the political party (including the Komsomol), education (especially higher education and possible postgraduate and doctoral studies) played a decisive role in social mobility as social lifts. A special role belonged to the prison as a social lift. During the period of exacerbation of repressions, the prison was a downward social elevator. And in the 90s of the last century, the prison for many was an upward elevator, especially for the so-called "thieves in law" with their "common funds", that is, the general cash registers of money, which were the basis for the primary accumulation of capital in new

market relations, where criminal connections played an important role.

The 90s are the time of another historical Russian turmoil, the fruits of which we are still reaping. Anger against the rich, distrust of the authorities serving them, lack of confidence in society that professionalism, socially responsible behavior will be rewarded, today in society lead to social apathy as a mass phenomenon. Social apathy is determined by regional differences in socio-economic development, their remoteness from the center of Russia and provinciality. Low standard of living, lumpenization, growth of radical sentiments. All of these listed problems have one common cause - non-working social elevators. Hence the dominance of horizontal mobility, primarily the intrigues of another geographical place of residence.

Social elevators are developed in Western European countries, which declare the equality of human rights and try to provide their citizens with equal starting opportunities. International sociological data show that the launch of "social lifts" in many third world countries helps to overcome the "resource economy". For Russia, at present, overcoming the dominance of the raw material component in the economy is one of the important tasks. As former Minister of Economy A. Kudrin notes: “If we understand that our GDP per capita is twice as low as in developed countries means you have to play by the rules. market economy. Modernization is required, connected with the improvement of a person’s position, his ability to reveal himself not through pull, not through distorted social elevators, but by virtue of his own abilities.

IN modern Russia The leading place among social elevators is objectively occupied by the institution of property. The source and method of accumulation of property is absolutely not important. Its volume matters. From here arises total corruption and the desire to enrich oneself in any way. Opportunity to avoid criminal liability

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Accordingly, criminal methods of appropriation of especially large amounts of social wealth make territorial forms of mobility attractive, especially to those countries that easily give political asylum and do not extradite foreign criminals.

For its ideological support, the authorities have always needed professionally trained, enterprising, independent, patriotic people - only higher education could train them. Higher education is the next most important social lift in a number of Western countries. But the state Russian system education is such that high-quality competitive higher education so far only for the rich and wealthy people. The introduction of the Unified State Examination declared the level of starting opportunities for applicants, but in reality they have a different knowledge base, which is hidden behind the tests single exam. That's why Russian education- The elevator is very unreliable. Education, of course, enriches the individual spiritually and professionally, but does not guarantee promotion on the social ladder.

In the process of training specialists, higher education helps to overcome the marginality of students in society, which is associated with their lack of a strong and final fixation in the social structure, instability public status, the mobility of social dependence in their environment. This does not mean that the influence of social origin on the personality of the student stops, it continues to be an important factor his motivation social activities, but it does not act directly, but indirectly, through the formation of a professional and moral culture that contributes to the integration of a former student into another social group.

Family and marriage as social elevators run through the entire history of society. In modern Russia, according to experts from the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the children of the poor, who make up almost half of the country's population, are simply not able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the modern economic system. They

cannot get a quality education, find a good high paying job, make a career. The children of the elite from "young nails" are immersed in a different culture, foreign languages, receive a prestigious education, mostly abroad, where, at the time of their stay, friendly and business ties and relations necessary for further social mobility are formed.

The institution of marriage, not only in legal, but also in civil form, is in demand today as a social lift, which often acts as an illusion. Hundreds of manuals on how to marry a millionaire are published in huge numbers. Thousands of girls from the provinces (villages, towns and small towns) migrated to the capital and large cities, where the rich are found, ready to sell themselves in any capacity for more favorable social conditions of life. Indeed, only a few manage to change their social status with the help of this social elevator.

The army in many countries is the dominant social lift. Argentina, Brazil, Israel, etc. can serve as an example. In Israel, it has historically developed that military service is a guarantee (social lift) for successful political activity. In the Soviet Union, the army was also one of the dominant social elevators. Service in the army allowed not only to ascend vertically within its structure, but at the same time allowed them to migrate from the countryside to the city.

The next important factor for achieving a certain social status was joining the party, which was extended in time (candidate term) and burdened with special assignments. Interacting with each other, social elevators either accelerated the ascent of the social ladder, or the fall. For example, expulsion from a party or the Komsomol automatically entailed expulsion from a university.

At present, the army is not a special social elevator. It is of interest only to those people who professionally decided to associate themselves with military affairs.

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Many citizens are actively looking for reasons to avoid military service, considering being in it a waste of time. Political parties, the number of which is unlimited and whose social statuses are different, today also have a limited significance for the mobility of the individual.

Russian television, other media mass media organize dozens of different competitive programs, the essence of which boils down to one thing: prove yourself at the competition - and you will become famous, in demand, a “star”. Even if we consider this model of social lift as ideal (when everyone can become a participant), it is also capable of promoting only a few. For all their seeming harmlessness, such illusory social elevators are fraught with a considerable danger to society. They create the illusion of successful upward mobility, distracting society from the real lack of opportunities to move up the social ladder.

One cannot but agree with V. Yablonsky, director of the direction “ Social projects» Agency for Strategic Initiatives: “The social lift mechanism as a component of social mobility is one of the main tools for improving the quality of management social sphere in particular and the state in general. The renewal of the elites through this mechanism, provided that it is objective, is the most effective way to ensure that the administrative mechanism of society and the state meets modern challenges. During the Soviet period, stable mechanisms of vertical and horizontal mobility were formed, providing almost equal access to career growth, at least to a certain level, and ensuring a similar standard of living for specialists, regardless of the region. Today, this system has been practically dismantled, and those small fragments that remain are, of course, outdated. Society of the post-Soviet period has formed new quasi-models of social elevators, but their key problem is bias and

lack of equal access to the start (lack of publicly available forms of participation)” .

The social activity of a person is biologically predetermined, because movement is a way of existence of all living things. At the same time, the environment of existence can both suppress and promote activity. It is no coincidence that President V. Putin notes: “First of all, people should feel positive changes - and, first of all, through the expansion of their own capabilities. But it is the citizens' initiative that must and will be the engine of growth. In Russia, a system of social mobility, social lifts, corresponding to modern society, must be fully formed. We need to learn to compensate for the negative social consequences market economy and the inequality it organically generates. » .

Stagnation, social apathy, low living standards, the growth of radical sentiments - all these interrelated problems have a common basis - idle social elevators. Social elevators act as a means of the social dynamics of society, which allows its members to move from one social group (estates, classes, strata) to another. Without effective social lifts and a clear system for using them, it is impossible to launch the mechanisms of economic growth and active social dynamics of the modern Russian society. The presence of a developed system of social lifts is not only a guarantee of overcoming social injustice for a person, but also a guarantee of the development of a state that can overcome the raw material dominant of the country's economy.

1. Aleksey Kudrin Higher School of Economics Gives a Recipe for Renovating the Russian Economy Vedomosti, 04/03/2013, No. 57 (3319).

2. V.V. Putin. Russia Focuses - Challenges We Must Face, Izvestia, 01/16/2012

3. Sorokin Pitirim Social and cultural dynamics: A study of changes in large systems of art, truth, ethics, law and social relations / Per. from English, SPB6EKHGI, 2000. 1056 p. pp. 747-748.

4. Vladimir Yablonsky. Inefficient social lift models have developed in Russia, Russian newspaper, 14.11.2011

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---------------;- Issledovanie izmenenij vbol "shixsistemaxiskusstva, istiny, e" tiki,

1. Kudrin Aleksej VShE dala recept obnovleniya prava i obshhestvennyx otnoshenij / Per. s engl., SPB6RXGI,

rossijskoj e "konomiki" Vedomosti ", 04/03/2013, No. 57 (3319). 2000 1056 s S 747-748

2.V.V. Putin. Rossiya sosredotachivaetsya - vyzovy, na 4 Vladimir Yablonskij. VRossii slozhilis "nee" ffektivnye

kotorye my dolzhny answer", Izvestiya, 01/16/2012 g. modeli social "nogo lifta, Rossijskaya Gazeta, 11/14/2011 g.

3. Sorokin Pitirim Social "naya i kipshpaua dinamika:

SOCIAL ELEVATORS

AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Romanova Yuga Stepanovna,

The Institute of Philosophy and Law,

Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Associate Professor, Senior Researcher of the Department of Philosophy, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences,

Ekaterinburg, Russia

Email: [email protected]

In the article the author considers the role and value of social elevators for the development of social dynamics. Social elevators were presented in the history of the society from the very beginning. Historical types of states and the forms of ownership are determined by the dominant significance of social mobility, often launching in parallel illusionary elevators. The destruction of the system of social elevators leading to the degradation of society, because without them it is impossible either to build a modem society, to launch mechanisms of economic growth.

Social elevators, mobility, dynamics, personality, state.

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METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF STUDYING THE PHENOMENON OF MOBILITY IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY

Savin Vladimir Nikolaevich,

Ural State Agrarian University, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Law, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences,

Yekaterinburg, Russia

Fateeva Natalya Borisovna,

Ural State Agrarian University, Senior Lecturer, Department of Management and Law, Yekaterinburg, Russia,

annotation

The article analyzes practical aspects various contemporary methodological approaches studying social mobility developed in Russia and abroad. Special attention paid to the relationship of such an aspect of the phenomenon of mobility as adaptation-disadaptation. The concept of constructing a multi-level hierarchy for classifying the processes of adaptation and disadaptation in professional mobility is proposed.

Keywords:

mobility, social mobility, methodology of social sciences, labor and professional mobility, adaptation, maladaptation.

In modern Russia, the problem of social mobility is becoming especially urgent. The term "social mobility" was introduced into sociology by P. Sorokin. Theoretically, a consistent and holistic study of the phenomenon of social mobility was very clearly expressed by P.A. Sorokin, who immediately pointed out the need to understand it as social process. "To quantify the processes of social mobility, indicators of the speed and intensity of mobility are usually used" . P. Sorokin defined the speed of mobility as a vertical social distance or the number of strata - economic, professional, political

tic, which passes the individual in his movement up or down for a certain period of time. The intensity of mobility is understood as the number of individuals changing their positions in the vertical or horizontal direction in a certain period of time. The number of such individuals in any social community gives the absolute intensity of mobility, and their share in the total number of this social community shows relative mobility.

“Combining the indicators of the speed and intensity of mobility,” Sorokin wrote, “we will get a cumulative mobility index that can be calculated

1. What is social differentiation?
2. How are the concepts of "social stratification" and "social inequality" related?
3. Specify three types of social stratification.
4. What sign was put by K. Marx as the basis for distinguishing classes?
5. Why does the relationship between the main classes, according to Marx, acquire an antagonistic character?
6. What grounds for social stratification were put forward by M. Weber?

1. How is a status group different from a class?
2. What is meant by social mobility in sociology?
3. What "social lifts", according to P. Sorokin, contribute to the social movements of a person?
4. What trends in the development of social relations are characteristic of different groups of countries?
5. What is the difference between marginals and lumpen?

1. Analyze different points of view on the problem social inequality. Justify your position.

2. One German researcher makes the following distinction between classes and strata: “Stratification provides for a certain ordering of members of society based on some criterion, such as income, education, lifestyle, ethnic origin ... Classes .... are conflict groups that united, challenge the existing distribution of power, advantages and other opportunities.

Analyze this statement. Do you agree with him?

3. A modern English political scientist claims: "The whole history of mankind proves that inequality is necessary to achieve some ideal of human perfection, both individual and collective."

What historical facts, in your opinion, could the researcher refer to, substantiating his conclusion?

4. Compare the interpretations of the concept of "class" by K. Marx and M. Weber? Where do you see the similarities? What are the differences in the positions of researchers?

5. Give examples of social and horizontal mobility. What other “social lifts” exist in modern society, besides those indicated in the textbook?

6. The figures show that in industrialized countries, the share of blue-collar workers in the population (i.e. those who work in physical labor) and the number of “white-collar workers” is increasing (they include workers employed in the fields of law, medicine, education, management, business, finance).

What are the causes and possible social consequences of this phenomenon?

7. It is known that marginalization, the transition to a new social quality associated with socio-psychological stress. In many countries, it is used to mitigate various means: unemployment benefits, migrant and refugee funds, vocational retraining centers, etc.

What else, in your opinion, can be used for these purposes?

8. The term “class” comes from a Latin word meaning literally “rank”. The division of Roman society into classes is attributed to the legendary Roman king Servius Tullius (VI century BC). He divided society into five classes-ranks in accordance with how many troops (hundreds) and weapons each of them could put up.

What was the basis of class division? Does it retain its significance today?

Work with the source

Read an excerpt about social structure from a book by contemporary Russian sociologist M. N. Rutkevich.

Weber's scheme has certain advantages. It covers, firstly, economic differences (income).

Secondly, economic and political differences: the power of an individual or group over other people and groups can be exercised both through political organizations (state, party, etc.) and through economic organizations (company, corporation, etc.) .

Thirdly, socio-psychological differences, since in assessing the prestige of occupations, professions, etc., it finds expression of people's awareness of the relative height of their (and others') position in the hierarchy.

The weak link in Weber's design is the problem of the relationship between these three criteria, and consequently between the types of social differences ... Theories of social stratification, as a rule, are adapted to the study of American and Western European society ... Their main feature is an attempt to reduce the theoretical scheme (most often Weberian) to operational concepts that allow the use of quantifiable indicators<...>

In our opinion, Marx's methodology has significant advantages over Weber's, since it makes it possible to put into practice systems approach in understanding society. It allows you to establish internal connections between all types and types of social structure, since it clarifies the relationship that exists between the criteria for dividing society into groups.

Rutkevich M. N. social structure. - M., 2004. - S. 93, 95.

Questions and tasks to the source

1. In what does the author see the advantages of Weber's "scheme" (theory of stratification)?
2. Compare the Weberian stratification criteria named by the author with those given in the paragraph. Where do you see the differences? Is it possible, in your opinion, to assert that the author of the fragment replaced the concept of "political power" used by Weber with the broad concept of "power"?
3. What shortcomings of the Weberian approach and the theory of stratification based on it does the author note?
4. What, in the author's opinion, are the advantages of Marxist methodology? Do you agree with this assessment? Justify your conclusion.