A special place in the industry is occupied by military engineering, which produces weapons and military equipment. In addition to those typical for other industries, for him important has a military strategic factor- remoteness from state-owned enterprises, location of the most important enterprises in “closed” cities, where access to foreigners and strangers is limited. The regions of the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions, the Republic of Udmurtia) have the highest concentration of military engineering enterprises. The main sub-sectors are as follows.

Production of nuclear weapons

Production of nuclear weapons, including the mining of uranium ore and the production of uranium concentrate, uranium enrichment, production of fuel elements for nuclear power plants (TVEL) and weapons-grade plutonium, assembly of nuclear weapons and disposal of nuclear waste. The main enterprises are located in “closed” cities, the very existence of which was classified until the mid-1990s. The main centers for the development of nuclear weapons are Sarov (Arzamas-16) in the Nizhny Novgorod region and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70), where research and development organizations are located. The assembly (currently dismantling - in accordance with international treaties) of nuclear weapons is carried out in Sarov, Zarechny (Penza-19), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45), Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-16). Disposal of nuclear waste (disposal in rocks) occurs in Snezhinsk and Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26).

Rocket and space industry characterized by high knowledge intensity and technical complexity of products. Leading research institutes and design bureaus of the sub-industry are located in Moscow and the Moscow region (Korolev, Khimki, Reutov, Dubna). The largest serial production of rockets and spacecraft are located in Voronezh, Samara, Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region), Votkipsk (Republic of Udmurtia), Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Aviation industry

Aviation industry produces airplanes, helicopters and aircraft engines. Enterprises are located mainly in large cities, which have good opportunities for cooperation and significant qualified labor resources. There is a high concentration of aircraft manufacturing centers in the Volga region - these are Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov. In the territory Central Russia aircraft are produced in Moscow, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh. In the Asian part of the country, aircraft are produced in Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In the city of Taganrog Rostov region development and production of seaplanes are located. Helicopter manufacturing plants are located in Moscow, Lyubertsy (Moscow region), Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, Kumertau (Republic of Bashkortostan), Ulan-Ude, Arsenyev (Primorsky Territory). The most important production plants aircraft engines located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Perm, Ufa, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region).

Military shipbuilding factories

Military shipbuilding factories are located in the same cities as civilian shipbuilding. The main center is St. Petersburg, where numerous enterprises produced vessels of various types - from boats and patrol ships to missile cruisers and nuclear submarines. Currently, Russian nuclear submarines are produced only in the city of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region. Disposal of used nuclear submarines happens in cities Big Stone(Primorsky Territory) and Snezhnogorsk (Murmansk Region). Military vessels are also produced in Kaliningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Zelenodolsk (Republic of Tatarstan), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Khabarovsk Territory).

Armor industry is the most metal-intensive sub-sector of military engineering. Therefore, the main enterprises are located near metallurgical plants. Tanks are produced in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil ( Sverdlovsk region), armored personnel carriers are produced in Arzamas (Nizhny Novgorod region), and infantry fighting vehicles are produced in Kurgan.

Small arms production is the oldest sub-branch of military engineering. Since the 17th century. major center production is Tula. Since the 19th century weapons are produced on a large scale in

Izhevsk, where hunting rifles and the most popular type of small arms on Earth are made - the Kalashnikov assault rifle. Important production centers are Kovrov (Vladimir region) and Vyatskie Polyany (Kirov region).

Production of artillery systems Since then it has been concentrated in the Urals. The main centers of the sub-industry are Yekaterinburg, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region). Modern artillery systems are produced in Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, and Ulyanovsk.

Ammunition production consists of the production of explosives (chemical industry) and the assembly of ammunition (mechanical engineering). Industry enterprises are located in many regions (Chelyabinsk, Perm, Kemerovo, Vladimir, Tula regions, Republic of Tatarstan, etc.).

And development institutions that develop and produce military equipment, ammunition and weapons.

Before the collapse of the USSR, the military-industrial complex consisted of 1,100 factories with the number working more than 9 million people, more than 900 research institutes (research institutes) and design bureaus (design bureaus), as well as armies consisting of ground, air force, missile forces, navy, border guards, as well as auxiliary (railway, construction) ) troops. The military-industrial complex had its own cosmodromes, air and sea ports, arsenals, testing grounds with a system of laboratories, and a powerful communications infrastructure (transport and communications). The main part of the USSR military-industrial complex was located on territory of Russia and currently constitutes the military industrial complex Russian Federation.

The military-industrial complex partially includes the production of other complexes, for example in mechanical engineering the share of defense plants is more than 60% (Table 19, Fig. 31).

In turn, branches of the defense industry produce civilian products, while the conversion carried out in defense industries increases the share of civilian products while reducing defense orders.

Let us briefly list the basic principles that determine the geography of the military-industrial complex.

1. The main principle is the safety of the location of its production, taking into account the flight time of missiles and aircraft from abroad. Hence the location of the most important centers and enterprises of the military-industrial complex in the interior regions of the country (Ural, Siberia).

Table 19

The role of inter-industry complexes in the production of defense products

2. The principle of duplication: placement of duplicate enterprises in different regions of the country. For example, aircraft factories producing the same type of fighters (such as MiG or Su) or Tu bombers are located in different parts of the country, ranging from Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, the cities of the Volga region (Kazan, Samara, Ulyanovsk) to the Far East ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

3. Concentration of production and research and production military-industrial complex associations in Moscow and around it, where Russia has the right to create and build up missile defense systems.

In the Soviet Union, as part of the military-industrial complex, there were many special closed secret cities (ZATO - closed administrative-territorial entity), many of which had special names: Arzamas-16, Chelyabinsk-65 and Chelyabinsk-70, Krasnoyarsk-26 and Krasnoyarsk-35, Tomsk -7.

They concentrated particularly important military-industrial complex objects. Some of them are now becoming promising technopolises where the latest technologies are being developed.

Thus, the main factors for the deployment of the military-industrial complex: security and preservation of military potential both in peacetime and in wartime, knowledge intensity, high qualification personnel, transport factor.

The military-industrial complex includes systems of industries (complexes). Among them, the nuclear complex is important - a shield that ensures the security of the country. Its main components are two Russian nuclear centers: in Sarov (Arzamas-16) and Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).

The nuclear weapons themselves were largely intended for use in missile systems. Naturally, the rocket and space industry has become the most important complex of the military-industrial complex. It was especially important to prepare the scientific and technical base for astronautics and rocket science. The first large research and production centers were created in the Moscow region. This is, first of all, the powerful Energia corporation, which was created in the city of Korolev (Kaliningrad). Here, under the leadership of the famous rocket designer S.P. Korolev, work has been carried out since 1946 to create ballistic missiles, artificial Earth satellites and spaceships were created, including Vostok, on which the first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin flew. In Moscow at the Research and Production Machine-Building Center named after. M.V. Khrunichev also created ballistic missiles, long-lasting orbital stations("World"). Based on scientific and design developments, there are factories for the production of ballistic missiles in the Urals (Votkinsk, Zlatoust) and in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), launch vehicles - in Samara, Omsk. Rocket technology is also produced in St. Petersburg.

The main military cosmodrome of Russia, from which all major military spacecraft were launched and military artificial satellites were launched, is located near the city of Mirny (Plesetsk station) south of Arkhangelsk. There were significantly more space launches here than from Baikonur, although ships with astronauts on board were launched from the latter. There was another cosmodrome - Kapustin Yar - in the Astrakhan region, which was then turned into a testing ground for missiles and military equipment. Currently, a new Russian cosmodrome, Svobodny, has been created in the Amur region.

To manage the Russian military space forces, a center was created in the Moscow region - the city of Krasnoznamensk (formerly Golitsyno-2), and for manned space flights - a Mission Control Center (MCC) in the city of Korolev. Nearby there is a Cosmonaut Training Center - the city of Zvezdny.

The armored tank industry of Germany is a developed branch of the country's military-industrial complex. It is capable of ensuring the production of all types of armored fighting vehicles (AFVs): tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), armored personnel carriers (APCs), combat reconnaissance vehicles (RCVs) and other armored vehicles, as well as a high technical level of development and competitiveness as final products, as well as the main systems and subsystems (weapons, armor protection, chassis, engines).

Germany has production facilities with a full technological cycle for the production of modern armored fighting vehicles. Currently, more than 60 factories in basic industries are involved in the production of armored vehicles, including over 30 mechanical engineering, up to ten automobile, three metallurgical, two shipbuilding, three electrical and others. This is due to the peculiarities of the production of components of armored vehicles (turrets, hulls, chassis, weapons, engines, various components and assemblies).

An important place among these enterprises is occupied by machine-building and automobile factories, where the final assembly of armored vehicles is carried out. Located, as a rule, in large industrial centers or in close proximity to them, they are equipped with modern machine tools and other technological equipment. On their territory there are up to 30 production buildings, up to 90 technical, service, warehouse and administrative buildings, sites for open storage finished products, components and workpieces coming from other factories. A characteristic feature of most of these enterprises is the presence on their territory or in the immediate vicinity of testing grounds for equipment and freight railway stations.

The most important and permanently engaged in the production of armored vehicles include the machine-building plants of the companies Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (Munich), Mac System (Kiel) and Thyssen Henschel Werke (Kassel), as well as Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern" (Kaiserslautern).

The Krauss-Maffei Wegmann plant is the main plant producing Leopard tanks of various modifications. On its territory there are 12 buildings of the main production workshops, as well as more than 20 production and testing, laboratory and production buildings and technical buildings. In addition, there are areas for storing finished products (some of them have sheds) and there is a testing ground for conducting sea trials of manufactured equipment. In addition to armored vehicles, the plant produces tractors, special vehicles and other transport equipment for the Bundeswehr. Civilian products include locomotives, cars, tractors, buses and various equipment for the metalworking, mining, chemical, pulp and paper, glass and food industries.

Currently, at this enterprise, by order of the German ground forces, work is being carried out on the comprehensive modernization of the Leopard-2A4 tanks to the level of the Leopard-2A6, as well as on the improvement of the Gepard self-propelled gun.

Tank "Leopard-2A4"

Tank "Leopard-2A6"

Due to own funds company developed and launched in mass production ATF-2 Dingo armored personnel carrier based on the Unimog tactical vehicle. It is intended to equip the Bundeswehr peacekeeping contingents in Afghanistan. Supplies to the German ground forces have been carried out since 2000. Also, on an initiative basis, a demonstration sample of the light armored personnel carrier "Terrier" was developed and presented.

The Mak System plant is the second enterprise in the country specializing in the production of Leopard tanks and armored vehicles based on them. In addition, the production of engineering vehicles and artillery weapons (howitzers, torpedo tubes, 40-mm self-propelled guns) has been established here. Civilian products include locomotives, diesel engines and iron castings. On the territory of the plant there are 17 main and auxiliary workshops, up to ten technical and laboratory buildings, an open area for storing finished products and a testing ground.

The Thyssen Henschel Werke plant (the oldest enterprise in the industry) specializes in the production of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. Civil products - diesel-electric locomotives, electric locomotives, diesel engines, parts of various machines and mechanisms. Currently, the plant is undergoing major repairs and modernization of equipment. Demonstration models of infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers have been created on the basis of the multi-purpose platform TN 495. On the territory of the enterprise there are 22 buildings of main and auxiliary workshops, up to 20 technical, laboratory and service buildings, warehouse buildings for storing finished products and a testing ground.

Until the mid-90s, the Thyssen Industry-Rheinstahl plant assembled armored personnel carriers (mainly for border guard troops) and armored personnel carriers for export. In addition, the production of turrets for Leopard tanks, self-propelled gun hulls and armored personnel carriers was established here. Now the plant has been completely transferred to the production of hydraulic equipment. Production equipment and technical documentation the armored personnel carriers TM-170 and UR-416 were transferred to the KUKA Henschel association. Among civil products, equipment for mines, tanks, welded structures, cast iron are produced here, and repairs of railway cars are also carried out. On the territory of the plant there are 11 buildings of main and auxiliary workshops, up to 15 technical, laboratory and administrative buildings, an open area for storing finished products and a testing ground.

In 1999, the Rheinmetall concern acquired a controlling stake in the KUKA company and formed the production department “Combat Vehicles of the Ground Forces”. It also included the Mak System company, all shares of which belong to him since 1992. The issue of transferring the production of the Wiesel-2 BRM from Kiel to the Rheinmetall De Tek enterprise (Unterlus, Lower Saxony) was considered.

BRM "Wiesel-2"

Since 1999, the companies Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Rheinmetall have been developing the GTK Boxer armored personnel carrier, intended to replace the Fuchs and M11Z armored personnel carriers. In addition, the Netherlands (local name PWV) participates in the program. The first prototype of the new armored personnel carrier was demonstrated in July 2002, and its serial production began in 2007 immediately after the completion of development. The first series will include 200 armored personnel carriers for each country.

Armored personnel carrier STK "Boxer"

For financial reasons, the development of the NGP combat vehicle, which was supposed to be used as a basis for creating a new main battle tank, BMP and ZSU.

The Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern company plays an important role in meeting the needs of the German ground forces for engineering equipment and amphibious vehicles. Its products are exported to the USA, UK, Australia, Canada and other countries.

Factories that can also be involved in the production of armored vehicles include those that have experience in their production in previous years. These are primarily enterprises of the companies Arnold Jung Locomotive Factories (Kirchen) and Luther Werke (Brunschweig - pre-production samples of the Leopard-1 tanks), Keller und Knappich (Augsburg - prototypes of the MVT tank 70), "Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern" (BRM ARE), "Daimler-Benz" (armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles) (Gaggenau), "Rheinstahl, Hannomag baumaschinen" (Hanover), as well as the company "Machinen factory Augsburg-Nuremberg, Werk Nuremberg (MAN)" (Nuremberg - tanks). The capabilities of the listed factories for the production of armored vehicles are also ensured by the requirements introduced in the 80s for the standardization of components and assemblies of armored vehicles and their unification with samples of civilian products (the use in armored vehicles of traditional components and assemblies used in the production of civilian products). This was also facilitated by the reconstruction of the industry, aimed at installing the latest equipment (including microcomputers and machines with numerical software), and the introduction automated systems production management.

A special place in the industry is occupied by factories for the repair and modernization of armored vehicles. These include six special repair and restoration enterprises owned by private companies (in the cities of Bad Bergzabern, Bergheim, Wetter, Darmstadt, Frankfurt am Main, Freisen), the machine-building plant of the Luther-Werke company and the shipbuilding plant of Flensburger Schiffsbaugesellschaft "(Flensburg). The Wegmann und Co. plant (Kassel) may be involved in the repair and modernization of armored vehicles.

In Germany there are five state-owned repair and refurbishment plants (RVZ), which are part of the Ground Forces Support Command. Four of them are engaged in the repair of armored vehicles. These are 800 RVZ (Julich, North Rhine-Westphalia) and 850 RVZ (Darmstadt). There are 870 RVZs in Bad Bergzabern, which specializes in repairs radio-electronic equipment, including built-in. After the reunification of Germany, 890 RVZ (Doberlug-Kirchhain, Brandenburg) is used in the interests of the Bundeswehr.

The repair and modernization of armored vehicles is carried out by private companies: Industri-Werke Saar (Freisen) and FFG Flensburger Farzeugbau (Flensburg), as well as NFV Neubrandenburger Farzeugwerke (Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Prepomerania). In 2000, the Krauss-Maffei Wegmann company founded a subsidiary company, Systeminstandsetzungs Ost, in Kölleda (Thuringia), specializing in the repair of tracked and wheeled armored vehicles (employee up to 150 people).

The main directions of modernization are: increasing the mine and anti-cumulative protection of MBTs by installing an additional titanium alloy plate on the bottom and new side screens of the hull, as well as a turret made of composite materials with steel lining; strengthening the structural strength of the emergency hatch under the driver; the use of a shock-absorbing structure for its seat, which will significantly reduce the impact of the shock wave during a mine explosion. In addition, the vehicle is expected to be equipped with a remote-controlled weapons module with a 40-mm automatic grenade launcher GMG and the MUSS optical-electronic countermeasures system, and the tank’s equipment will include mounted bulldozer equipment for overcoming rubble on advance routes and equipping firing positions in defense.

During the development of weapons and military equipment In the interests of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Germany, German specialists have created a new generation of medium-duty armored fighting vehicles designed to perform command and control tasks, communications and transport support for ground forces units. Wherein Special attention During the design, attention was paid to the possibility of their subsequent modernization.

Thus, the Krauss-Maffei Wegmann company was given an order to implement the project to create the Grizzly armored fighting vehicle. The development program provides for its production in the versions of a control vehicle, transport and ambulance vehicle.

AFV "Grizzly"

At the end of 2007, the German parliament approved the Bundeswehr's request to allocate 3 billion euros as part of the purchase of new Puma infantry fighting vehicles, intended to replace the outdated Marder. It is expected that 405 such vehicles will enter service with the German ground forces, after which 634 Marders will be withdrawn from service.

BPM "Puma"

"Marder-1A3"

It is planned that from 2010 the Puma infantry fighting vehicle will be presented on the arms and military equipment market for sale to other countries.

As part of the program to equip the German ground forces with new types of weapons and military equipment, an experimental model of the Gefas armored fighting vehicle was developed in the second half of 2007. When creating it, the developers were based on the following principles: modularity, high crew protection, mobility and survivability.

The Gefas machine was created from 2003 to 2007 in the design bureau of the Rheinmetall Landsystem company in collaboration with companies that were engaged in the design and production of its individual systems and units:

IBD Deisenroth Engineering - development of passive and active armor;
ESW - electrical generator system design;
MTU Friedrichshafen - production of the 890 series four-cylinder diesel engine with 560 hp. With. (MTU 4R890);
Sensor-Technik Wiedemann - development of the electric drive system;
Timoney Technology - development of suspension elements.
An analysis of the foreign press shows that over the past ten years there have been no significant changes in the production base of the armored tank industry of Germany. However, she notes the increasing pace of R&D on the development of modern MBT and modernization of the Leopard-2 tank, as well as on the creation of armored fighting vehicles.

In general, the armored tank industry of Germany has a powerful production and scientific technical base, which allows us to develop and produce modern armored vehicles in quantities that will not only meet the needs of our own armed forces, but also allow for export deliveries.

Russia's military potential is initially perceived as very impressive. At the same time, not every citizen of the Russian Federation can clearly imagine the structure of the defense sector of their country. In addition, this information was not always available. Therefore, there is every reason to pay attention to the structure of the military-industrial complex.

Military-industrial complex of Russia

Regarding this topic, it is initially worth noting that the military-industrial complex can be safely attributed to an industry that has had a more than tangible impact on the development of the economy over many years of the existence of the Russian Federation.

And although some time ago such a concept as the Russian military-industrial complex was somewhat vague, in the mid-2000s progress in this area became obvious. If we talk about the current situation, it is worth mentioning the fact that the military-industrial complex has many progressive industries:

Aviation industry;

Nuclear;

Rocket and space;

Production of ammunition and ammunition;

Military shipbuilding, etc.

The following enterprises can be identified as the main players that deserve attention within the framework of the military-industrial complex:

- "Russian Technologies";

- "Rosoboronexport";

OJSC Air Defense Concern Almaz-Antey, etc.

What does the structure of the military industry look like?

Within the framework of this topic, it is necessary to initially highlight the following information: during the active 90s, the wave of privatization did not bypass the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Therefore, if you now analyze the ownership structure of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, you can easily notice that most of it consists of joint stock companies. More specifically, there are 57% of such joint-stock companies in the entire military-industrial complex. At the same time, there is no state share in 28.2% of such enterprises.

You can also refer to other data provided by the Accounts Chamber. According to this information, approximately 230 enterprises operate within the aviation industry. But only 7 of them belong to the state (we are talking about a controlling stake).

As one of key features Russian enterprises their jurisdiction can be designated in various forms federal organizations. At the moment, the structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes 5 government agencies that oversee the defense industries and are located in:

RACE. Operates in the field of communications and radio industry.

- "Rossudostroenie". Responsible for supervising shipbuilding production.

CANCER. Controls processes within the rocket, space and aviation industries.

RAV. In this case we are talking about the arms industry.

- "Rosboepripasy". This agency specializes in working with the specialty chemicals and ammunition industries.

Key elements of the military-industrial complex

If we consider the features of the Russian military-industrial complex, we cannot ignore the types of organizations that are part of it:

Design bureaus that are focused on working with prototypes of weapons.

Research organizations. Their main task is theoretical developments.

Manufacturing enterprises. In this case, resources are used to mass produce weapons.

Test sites and testing laboratories. It makes sense to talk about several important tasks here. This is the so-called fine-tuning of prototypes under real operating conditions, as well as testing weapons that have just rolled off the production line.

In order to paint a complete picture of the functioning of the military-industrial complex and identify all the facets that the Russian military-industrial complex has, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that enterprises that are part of the defense sector also produce products that have a civilian purpose.

Now it’s worth taking a closer look at the military-industrial complex

Nuclear weapons complex

It is difficult to imagine the development of military-industrial without this direction. It includes several strategically important areas of production.

First of all, this is the subsequent production of a concentrate from these raw materials. The next important step is the separation of uranium isotopes (enrichment process). This task is performed at enterprises located in cities such as Angarsk, Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk and Seversk.

To be fair, it is worth noting that 45% of all capacities that are concentrated in Russia are located in Russia. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the production of nuclear weapons is being reduced and the industries described above are focusing on Western customers.

Another task of this military-industrial complex is to both develop and allocate its reserves, concentrated in the Russian Federation, will last for many more years.

Enterprises operating within the nuclear weapons complex are also involved in the manufacture of fuel elements that are necessary for the operation of nuclear reactors, the assembly of nuclear weapons and the disposal of radioactive waste.

Rocket and space industry

It can rightfully be called one of the most knowledge-intensive. Just look at the cost of an ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) alone, for the full operation of which approximately 300 thousand different systems, instruments and parts are required. And if we talk about a large space complex, then this figure increases to 10 million.

It is for this reason that the largest number of scientists, engineers and designers are concentrated in this industry.

Aviation industry

When studying the military-industrial complex of Russia, the industries and directions of this area, attention must be paid to aviation in any case. Here it is relevant to talk about large industrial centers, since head enterprises are needed to assemble products. Others simply do not have the necessary technical base to organize the processes required for fast and high-quality production.

In this case, two key conditions must always be met: the availability of qualified specialists and well-organized transport links. The Russian military-industrial complex and specifically the aviation sector are in a state of constant development, which allows the Russian Federation to act as major exporter weapons, including aviation.

Artillery and small arms

This is also an important industry. The Russian military-industrial complex can hardly be imagined without the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle. This is the most widespread type of small arms currently produced in Russia.

Moreover, outside the CIS it was adopted by 55 states. As for artillery systems, their production centers are located in cities such as Perm, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.

Armor industry

If you pay attention to the centers of the Russian military-industrial complex, then after simple analytics you can draw an obvious conclusion: this direction of the defense industry can be defined as one of the most developed.

The tanks themselves are produced in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. The factories located in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg are at the stage of repurposing. As for armored personnel carriers, their production is carried out by enterprises in Kurgan and Arzamas.

Military shipbuilding

Without it, the Russian military-industrial complex cannot be considered complete.

At the same time, the largest production center in this area is St. Petersburg. Within this city there are up to 40 enterprises related to shipbuilding.

Regarding the topic of nuclear submarines, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that at the moment their production is carried out only in Severodvinsk.

What you should know about military-industrial complex conversion

In this case, we are talking about changes in the military industry, and more specifically, about its transition to the civilian market. This strategy is explained very simply: production capacity that currently exist are capable of producing significantly more military products than actual demand requires. That is, neither Russia itself nor its current and potential clients need that much.

Given this prospect, one obvious maneuver remains: to reorient some military enterprises to produce products that are relevant in the civilian sector. Thus, jobs will be preserved, factories will continue their stable operation, and the state will make a profit. Complete harmony.

The use of the military, so to speak, for peaceful purposes is also promising for the reason that at such enterprises there is a significant concentration of advanced technologies and specialists with a high level of qualifications.

Using such a strategy, it is possible to solve at least some of the problems of the Russian military-industrial complex. At the same time, stable production of the most relevant equipment for the army is maintained.

Obvious difficulties

Based on the information presented above, it is easy to conclude that the same conversion is not an easy task. In fact, it can be considered one of the most difficult tasks facing the military-industrial complex. There are no simple solutions here by definition. In order for any progress to be observed in this area, significant efforts must be constantly made.

Another problem that we have to face is the uncertainty of the future financing of military-industrial complex enterprises. The military-industrial complex of Russia can receive funds from the state only for those enterprises that are part of any federal program or are classified as state-owned production facilities.

As for foreign investment, there is no reason to count on it confidently yet. At the same time, factories that have production lines that are already outdated or are not capable of producing a wide range of competitive products, and military products in particular, may find themselves in a particularly difficult situation.

If we try to assess the economic state of defense enterprises as a whole, we can conclude that it is very heterogeneous. The point is that there are factories whose products have a certain demand. At the same time, there are also those enterprises that are in a state of deep production crisis, regardless of the fact whether they belong to the state or not.

Nevertheless, one must be aware that the government is recording the state of some components of the military-industrial complex. This confirms the fact that the Coordination Council approved the main directions of development and stabilization of the situation.

In addition, in Russia there is an active unification of fundamental and applied scientific direction within the framework of the activities of military enterprises, which significantly increases the chances of the military-industrial complex for successful development and full functioning. Well-organized efforts are also being made to ensure maximum compliance of the products that come off the assembly line of military-industrial complex enterprises with the investment expectations of the Russian and foreign markets.

Results

It is obvious that, despite the difficult situation surrounding the military-industrial complex, there are definitely chances for a bright future and a progressive present. The government is constantly working to make the necessary changes that will allow defense enterprises to operate as efficiently as possible.

Abstract plan

Introduction

3. Geography of the military-industrial complex

4.5. Military shipbuilding

Introduction

At the end of his political career, US President D. Eisenhower delivered another address to the nation, in which he first introduced the now international term “military-industrial complex” (MIC). The president put a very broad meaning into this term and understood by it not only the actual production of weapons, but also certain political circles and various lobbies that support the existence of the complex.

For economic-geographical (narrower) purposes, the term military-industrial complex is proposed to be understood as a complex or system of enterprises and organizations that develop, produce and sell military equipment, weapons and ammunition. In the literature, the terms “defense industry” and “military industry” are often used as synonyms for the military-industrial complex, which, however, further narrows its content.

Specifying and defining the sectoral structure of the military-industrial complex is not an easy task, since the needs defense complex The country serves a whole range of industries and economies, some of which have absolutely nothing to do with militarism. Without pretending to be complete, we can list the following industries: textile, leather and footwear, fur, food, woodworking, chemical, printing, etc. This can include the widest range of engineering industries: transport - in the broadest sense, instrument making, production of equipment for light and food industries. At the same time, and this is how it happened in Russia, purely defense enterprises have always produced civilian products: refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, audio and video recorders, televisions, sewing machines and cameras.

With a certain degree of generalization and generalization, the military-industrial complex can include:

1) research organizations engaged in theoretical development and design research;

2) design bureaus that create serial and prototype weapons;

3) testing laboratories, bases, airfields and testing grounds conducting testing of prototype weapons at all stages

development, as well as testing of manufactured serial equipment before entering it into the troops;

4) manufacturing enterprises producing serial production of weapons;

5) organizations marketing and selling weapons on the foreign market.

1. Historical background for the formation of the military-industrial complex in Russia

The military-industrial complex in the USSR appeared virtually from the beginning of industrialization. But we can assume that industrialization primarily solved the problem of creating a military-industrial complex. Therefore, Stalin had no time to wait for the natural phases of primitive accumulation to pass, and he, contrary to economic laws, began the construction of industry from its lowest floors. In addition, the production of weapons is always subject to requirements that are significantly different from the production of civilian products. The weapon must be highly reliable, ergonomic, and training in its use does not require a very high educational level of the soldiers. High quality labor in the military-industrial complex has always been encouraged and supported by high wages and an incomparably higher level of social services.

According to available estimates, at the end of the perestroika era, defense products were produced in the USSR at almost two thousand enterprises, which employed 5 million people (this is 1/4 of those employed in industry at that time), including about 1 million people who were scientific personnel. If we take into account family members, then 12-15 million residents of the country were directly connected with the military-industrial complex.

The costs of maintaining the army (which is a non-productive sector) and the military-industrial complex have always fallen on the shoulders of the country's population and significantly reduced their standard of living. At the same time, weapons were not necessarily developed and produced for the purposes of their direct use in combat operations. Humanity has come up with enough words to justify the production of weapons. Perhaps the most familiar of all these concepts - Vis pacem, para bellum ("If you want peace, prepare for war") - has been known for several thousand years, i.e. weapons most often act as a deterrent. And this, in general, is not denied by anyone.

The methodological basis for the development of the military-industrial complex and determining the volumes and types of necessary weapons is military doctrine. This is a document developed and updated by each state that has not declared itself neutral. Based on an analysis of the geopolitical and international situation, it identifies potential adversaries and allies, goals and objectives of defense, as well as methods and means of solving these problems.

The military-industrial complex is always focused on producing the maximum possible number of weapons. In this regard, the USSR began closely producing and accumulating armored vehicles, tactical aviation, and artillery systems: sometimes more than all its potential opponents combined. This can be partly explained by the specifics of the proposed theater of military operations, as well as an overestimation of the effectiveness of certain types of weapons. For example, after World War II, the tank was considered the main and most important tool for solving tactical problems in the land theater of military operations. But the Arab-Israeli wars and other local conflicts recent years have clearly shown that this is not entirely true.

Weapons development is a very effective engine of scientific and technological progress. Now people are actively using such advanced aircraft, ships, cars, tractors, communications and computer equipment precisely because at one time military experts paid attention to their pitiful and clumsy prototypes.

2. Definition and sectoral structure of the military-industrial complex

Now let's try to define the military-industrial complex. The military-industrial complex is a collection of enterprises and organizations of various sectors of the economy, primarily industry, science and technology, providing the country's armed forces with the necessary weapons, ammunition, equipment and uniforms, as well as engaged in the sale and export of these weapons, military equipment and other products. In a broad sense, the military-industrial complex also includes the leadership of the armed forces and the associated part of the state administrative apparatus and socio-political forces.

The military-industrial complex includes: research organizations, design bureaus (design bureaus), testing laboratories and testing grounds, NPOs (research and production associations) and manufacturing enterprises, organizations involved in the sale of products.

The military-industrial complex concentrates the production of complex products, including civilian ones. This is facilitated by the high technical level of most military-industrial complex enterprises. The best technology and highly qualified personnel are concentrated here. The military-industrial complex in our country has a huge scale, the reason for this was the Cold War, which our country waged with the United States since 1949, and the arms race directly related to it.

The sectoral structure of the Russian military-industrial complex is a rather complex and diverse phenomenon. It is usually viewed as follows.

1. Nuclear weapons complex:

Mining of uranium ore;

Production of uranium concentrate;

Production of fuel rods (fuel elements);

Production of weapons-grade plutonium;

Assembly of nuclear warheads;

Disposal and disposal of nuclear waste.

2. Aviation industry:

Aircraft production;

Helicopter production;

Production of aircraft engines.

3. Rocket and space industry:

Production of ballistic missiles;

Production of intercontinental missiles;

Production of cruise missiles;

Production of anti-aircraft missile systems;

Production of spacecraft;

Production of rocket engines;

Production of equipment for space technology.

4. Production of artillery and small arms:

Production of small arms;

Production of artillery systems.

5. Armor industry:

Tank production;

Production of armored personnel carriers (APC);

Production of infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and airborne combat vehicles (BMD).

6. Military shipbuilding:

Production of surface ships;

Production of nuclear and diesel submarines.

7. Radio electronics and instrument making.

3. Geography of the military-industrial complex

By the time the Russian Federation left the Soviet Union, there was practically not a single region or a single large city on its territory where certain parts of the military-industrial complex were not represented. And yet, as a first approximation, we can identify the main features of the domestic geography of this complex.

Research, design, experimental and top-level ones, which are technically the most complex and in many ways knowledge-intensive, requiring highly qualified personnel in the military-industrial complex, have a pronounced concentration in the largest millionaire cities and their satellites. First of all, Moscow with its immediate surroundings, as well as St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk, stand out in this regard.

Another specific feature for Soviet Union and Russia, as the main heir in the field of the military-industrial complex, is the placement of its facilities in the so-called closed cities, which for a long time were listed under numbers and only in recent years received official names. In such cities it was easier to ensure the necessary secrecy regime, as well as to organize a higher level than the national average social services population.

The location of all units of the military-industrial complex was greatly influenced by the geographical features of the area, strategic and many other factors, a set of which is specific to each branch of the complex. For example, the location of military shipbuilding and the construction of seaplanes is determined by the presence of certain water areas (St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Severodvinsk, Taganrog).

They tried to hide the production of nuclear weapons as far into the interior of the country as possible (Zelenogorsk, Seversk, Angarsk, Zheleznogorsk). However, the construction of a military shipyard in Komsomolsk-on-Amur pursued approximately the same goal, but adjusted by time and situation - to locate the enterprise outside the range of Japanese bomber aircraft. The location of shipbuilding in St. Petersburg is traditionally due to the concentration of significant scientific potential there. And the construction of nuclear submarines in Severodvinsk simplifies their transfer to the most important - the North Sea - theater of military operations. The location of production, which is directly related to artillery in the Urals, and small arms in Tula, is associated with traditions and the vast experience accumulated there.

Of the two cosmodromes currently available in Russia, one is located in Plesetsk (now the city of Mirny in a sparsely populated area of ​​the Arkhangelsk region). A secret test site for nuclear weapons on the territory of the practically uninhabited northern island of Novaya Zemlya is located at a great distance from the nearest populated areas.

The greatest territorial concentration of military-industrial complex institutions and production is observed in the Central Economic Region, where Moscow with its closest satellite cities, the Volga, Ural and Volga-Vyatka economic regions is in the lead.

Based on the degree of development of the military-industrial complex, these regions stand out on a global scale. For example, in the mid-80s, the Volga region and the Urals were among the four leading regions in the world aerospace industry (the other two regions were located in the United States - California and Texas). Outside of these four economic regions, in terms of the concentration of military-industrial complex enterprises, St. Petersburg, Omsk, Verkhneye Priobye, Krasnoyarsk with its closest satellite cities and the Pribaikalsky region stand out.

4. Characteristics of individual branches of the military-industrial complex

Almost immediately after the start of perestroika, the need for conversion was announced, which means the transfer of part of military production to the production of civilian products. It is difficult to disagree with this, since it is unrealistic for the country’s economy, which is in a deep and protracted crisis, to maintain the same rates and volumes of weapons production. Although the purely military aspect of the decision is not indisputable, since our former potential opponents are in no hurry to take reciprocal steps towards disarmament and reducing their military presence near Russia’s borders.

As the past years have shown, solving conversion problems in such a directive way, which is customary for the government, does not lead to anything other than the collapse of production and the loss of highly qualified personnel. Conversion is probably a long and painful journey, in which economic factors and levers must play a dominant role. Moreover, conversion paths may not be direct at all, but rather unexpected and unconventional.

Conversion also implies maintaining the production of the most effective types of weapons and switching to the production of so-called high-precision weapons. It is also necessary to develop the production of weapons and systems that are in demand on the world market. It would be unjustified to lose ground in the development and production of such types of weapons, where Russia is considered a recognized leader. According to Western estimates, the global military-industrial complex produces 31 classes of weapons, among which our country leads in five types: chemical and bacteriological weapons, ballistic missiles, surface-to-air missiles and anti-satellites.

4.1. Aviation industry

This branch of the military-industrial complex is located mainly in large industrial centers, where finished goods assembled from parts and assemblies supplied by hundreds of related manufacturers. Factors for locating aviation industry enterprises are the convenience of transport routes and the availability of qualified work force. The design of almost all types of airplanes and helicopters is carried out by design bureaus in Moscow and the Moscow region. The only exception is the design bureau named after. Beriev in Taganrog, engaged in the development and production of amphibious aircraft (Tu-334).

The largest research and production center of the aviation industry is undoubtedly Moscow. The country's leading design bureaus are located here: Yak, Il, Tu, Su, Mig, Mi, KA, etc. Components and assemblies for airplanes and helicopters are produced in the suburbs of Moscow. There are currently more than 335 enterprises and organizations operating in the aviation industry. In addition to the developed and produced civil aircraft and helicopters, a whole range of combat vehicles has been created - Mig-29, Mig-31, Su-27, Su-37, KA-50, KA-52, etc.

The largest centers of the aviation industry are: Moscow (Il-96-300, Il-114, Tu-204, Tu-334, Yak-42M), Smolensk (Yak-42), Voronezh (Il-86, Il-96-300) , Taganrog (Tu-334), Kazan (Il-62), Ulyanovsk (Tu-204, An-124), Samara (Tu-154, An-70), Saratov (Yak-42), Omsk (An-74) , Novosibirsk (An-38). There are factories for the production of military aircraft in Moscow (Mig), Nizhny Novgorod (Mig), Irkutsk (Su), Ulan-Ude (Su), Arsenyev, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Helicopters are produced in Lyubertsy, Kazan, Kumertau, Ulan-Ude, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow, Arsenyev. Large aircraft engine production facilities have also been created in St. Petersburg, Rybinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen and other cities.

4.2. Rocket and space industry

This is the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex branch of the military-industrial complex. Research institutes and design bureaus in this branch of the military-industrial complex are concentrated mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region. This is due to the presence of a highly qualified workforce in the area, as well as long traditions in the production of precision and knowledge-intensive products. Intercontinental ballistic missiles (Moscow and Reutov), ​​rocket engines (Khimki and Korolev), cruise missiles(Dubna and Reutov), ​​anti-aircraft missiles (Khimki).

The production of these products is scattered throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. Currently, in the town of Korolev near Moscow there is a powerful corporation "Energia", which specializes in the creation of satellites (artificial earth satellites, spaceships). In the city of Khimki there are scientific and production associations "Energomash" and named after. Lavochkina. Khimki and Korolev produce rocket engines for most space systems. In the small town of Reutov near Moscow, launch vehicles and artificial Earth satellites were created. In Moscow, in the scientific and production association named after. Khrunichev created ballistic missiles and long-term orbital stations "Mir", and now elements of the international space station "Alpha" are being created. The Moscow region is also home to a number of industries serving the rocket and space industry, that is, producing the necessary components and equipment for the needs of this branch of the military-industrial complex.

Production enterprises of the rocket and space industry are located in accordance with the principles of safety and duplication, that is, in remote locations state borders regions of the country. In particular, there are factories for the production of ballistic missiles in the Urals (Votkinsk, Zlatoust) and in Siberia (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk). Launch vehicles are produced in Samara, Omsk, Moscow and other cities. Votkinsk and Krasnoyarsk specialize in the production of ballistic missiles for submarines. Large production rocket technology also available in St. Petersburg, Primorsk and Kaliningrad.

The main military cosmodrome of Russia, Plesetsk, is located in the Arkhangelsk region near the city of Mirny. All unmanned spacecraft, as well as military artificial Earth satellites, launch from it. It should also be noted that our country continues to rent the Baikonur Cosmodrome from Kazakhstan for launching space rockets with astronauts on board. In addition to the aforementioned test sites, there is also the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region, where missiles and military equipment are tested. In 1997, the Svobodny cosmodrome was created in the Amur region. To manage the military space forces of the Russian Federation, a center for controlling unmanned flights has been created (Krasnoznamensk, formerly Golitsino-2). The flight control center (MCC) is located in Korolev. Nearby there is a cosmonaut training center - the town of Zvezdny.

4.3. Production of artillery and small arms

The most famous and widespread type of small arms - the Kalashnikov assault rifle, used today in more than 60 countries around the world, is even depicted on the coats of arms and flags of some African states. The production of artillery and small arms historically arose in large regions and developed centers of metallurgy (Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, etc.). Small arms and their main parts are developed and produced in Moscow and a number of cities in the Moscow region (Roshal, Krasnoarmeysk, Krasnozavodsk, etc.). The scientific center for the development of small arms is located in the small town of Klimovsk near Moscow.

Artillery systems are produced mainly in the Urals. Yekaterinburg is the largest center of the artillery, small arms and weapons industry and specializes in the production self-propelled guns, anti-aircraft missile systems, field and tank guns, howitzers, self-propelled mortars. Another Ural city, Perm, is known for the production of self-propelled versions of guns, rockets, multiple launch rocket systems "Smerch", "Uragan". Anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles are produced in Izhevsk. It should be noted that Izhevsk is more famous for the products of its weapons industry. The small Udmurt city of Votkinsk is the main center for the production of strategic and tactical missiles. The Bashkir city of Sterlitamak is the main center for the production of self-propelled howitzers on chassis.

Outside the Urals, there are large production facilities in Nizhny Novgorod (guns for infantry fighting vehicles, combat turrets for air defense systems, artillery guns, etc.), St. Petersburg (self-propelled guns), and Murom (turret machine gun mounts). The town of Fryazino near Moscow specializes in the production of equipment for air defense systems.

4.4. Armor industry

Initially, the country produced tanks of the Tu-54/55 models, then T-62, T-64. In addition to tanks, self-propelled guns and tractors, the production of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, etc. was mastered. Now Russian factories tank production is in a deep crisis. The factories in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg have been repurposed and no longer produce tanks. There are only two tank factories left in Russia - in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. At the same time, a relatively stable situation is observed at the only plant in the country, located in Kurgan, which produces infantry fighting vehicles of the BMP type. This is due to the export supplies of this type of product. The plans of Russian tank factories (in particular Omsk) include the transition to the production of T-90 based on the T-72S and T-80U. A large production of armored personnel carriers (APC) was created in Arzamas. The production of armored banking vehicles and amphibious armored vehicles has also been mastered.

In a number of cities in Central Russia and the Ural-Volga region, various types of production of armored vehicles have been created. In Murom, engineering reconnaissance and cash-in-transit vehicles are produced on the chassis of airborne combat reconnaissance vehicles (BRMD). This plant also armors passenger cars. Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns are produced in Saratov missile system(SAM) "Strela", and in Volsk, Saratov region - the anti-tank self-propelled missile system "Sturm". Volgograd specializes in the production of BMD-3 airborne combat vehicles. In Yekaterinburg, the production of the self-propelled reconnaissance complex “Zoo”, self-propelled guns, mortars, howitzers and cannons, etc. has been launched.

4.5. Military shipbuilding

Military shipbuilding ensures the stable operation of the construction complex aimed at producing all types of warships. Most factories sought to be located in the center of the country, in conditions of increased security. Production of submarines for Navy(Navy) has practically ceased. Only warship factories operate in St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. Of the 5 centers of nuclear submarine shipbuilding (Kaliningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), production has been preserved only in Severodvinsk. Most of the military shipbuilding enterprises are located in St. Petersburg (6 factories) and its suburbs.

Let us now consider the geography of production for individual types of military vessels. Hovercrafts are produced in the village of Nikolsky, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Sosnovka; repair, modernization and dismantling of nuclear submarines is carried out in Murmansk, the city of Bolshoy Kamen, Severodvinsk; patrol boats are produced in Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, St. Petersburg; guards and missile boats- in Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, Perm, Vladivostok, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad; diesel submarines are produced today only in Nizhny Novgorod; Enterprises in Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg, Rybinsk, and Nizhny Novgorod specialize in the production of landing ships; hydrofoils, ship guns, nuclear ship reactors are produced only in Nizhny Novgorod; The main facilities for the production of warships are concentrated in Zelenodolsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and some other centers.

Thus, despite the seemingly wide geography of military shipbuilding, its production is concentrated in several of the largest centers of the country. These, in particular, include St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Severodvinsk, Kaliningrad (these 4 centers account for the lion's share of military vessels produced in Russia), Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk and some others.

Russian military shipbuilding is characterized by a high level of monopolization of production, deep specialization of individual enterprises and centers in the production of certain products, systemic economic crisis, which affected the economy of the entire country. Of all the industries and industries of the military-industrial complex, the economic crisis manifested itself most acutely at military shipbuilding enterprises.

4.6. Geography of the Russian nuclear industrial complex

The Russian nuclear industry was created in April 1943. The nuclear industrial complex consists of 2 groups of production - nuclear energy and nuclear weapons complex.

We have already talked about nuclear energy before. Let us only note that in addition to production ones, there are also research reactors. They are located, as a rule, in large scientific centers and closed cities. These are Moscow and the Moscow region, Obninsk, Sarov, Chelyabinsk region, Dimitrovgrad, St. Petersburg, Leningrad region, Tomsk, Ekaterinburg, Ufa, Belgorod, Norilsk.

It is known that there are 11 reactors in Moscow and 9 in the Moscow region (2 in Dubna, 5 in Lytkarino, 2 in Sergiev Posad). A major research and scientific center for nuclear energy is the city of Obninsk, where there are 4 reactors. There are also reactors at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics in the city of Gatchina. The most powerful research reactor in Eastern Europe is also being completed here. 9 reactors are located near the city of Dimitrovgrad, where the Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors is located.

The following cities are major research nuclear centers: Sosnovy Bor, St. Petersburg, Dubna, Protvino, Moscow, Obninsk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Troitsk, Dimitrovgrad, Nizhny Novgorod, Gatchina, Norilsk, Podolsk, etc.

A feature of the military-industrial complex is the location of many of its enterprises in closed cities that could not be found on any geographical map. They arose in the 50-60s, in Russian outback beyond the reach of foreign intelligence. There are 10 closed cities in Russia. Together they make up the so-called Minatom Archipelago.

Today, about 800 thousand people live in such cities, called nuclear ones. Closed cities are located in Siberia and the Ural-Volga region. The main task of nuclear cities is to create the country’s nuclear shield and equip the Russian Armed Forces with it. Closed cities were created as elite settlements. They had a high level of housing provision and developed social infrastructure. This made it possible to concentrate the country's best specialists here. But currently the volume of military orders has decreased sharply. These cities began to lose their former positions, scientific potential and began to become noticeably poorer. Sometimes auxiliary or related industries arise around the main activity. Thus, a branch of ZIL - an automobile engine plant - was established in Novouralsk. The Sibvolokno PA was established in Zheleznogorsk, and the production of space technology was established in Zelenogorsk.

Thus, Minatom cities are making a transition from narrow specialization to multifunctionality. The leading role among them belongs to the federal nuclear centers - Sarov and Snezhinsk. There are 3 components of strategic weapons associated with nuclear weapons: the Missile Forces (RV), the Navy (Navy), and the Air Force (Air Force).

Heavy strategic bombers and missile carriers with nuclear cruise missiles are based in Mozdok and Engels. There are about 80 of them in Russia. There are about 6,900 nuclear warheads in the country. Most of them are located in Tatishchev (720), Kostroma (120), Mozdok (316), Dombarovsky (560), Kartaly (460), Aleysk (300), Rybachy (500), Ukrainka (444), Uzhur (520), Nerpichya (1200), Yagelnaya (704 Yab), Kozelsk (360), Krasnoyarsk (120). Sea-based strategic nuclear forces are part of the Northern and Pacific fleets.

Currently, the following tasks are being solved in Russia: the elimination of Russian nuclear weapons, dismantling nuclear warheads, and the production of new warheads for SS-25 intercontinental ballistic missiles. Warhead dismantling is carried out by 4 Russian enterprises (Zarechny, Sarov, Trekhgorny, Novouralsk). Nuclear materials are returned to Novouralsk (highly enriched uranium) and Seversk (plutonium and highly enriched uranium). In connection with the dismantling of warheads, plans are being implemented to create warehouses in the Urals (PO Mayak) and in Siberia (near Tomsk) for storing more than 100 tons of weapons-grade plutonium.

4.7. Uranium industry of Russia

This group of industries includes uranium mining and enrichment, as well as uranium metallurgy. Uranium mining and enrichment is usually carried out at uranium mines and mining and chemical plants. In Russia, this is the Krasnokamensky uranium mine (Chita region). The Priargunsky and Zabaikalsky (Pervomaisky village) mining and chemical plants producing uranium concentrate are also located there.

Earlier, in the 60s. In the 20th century, the mining and enrichment of uranium ore was carried out at the Lermontovsky mine and the Almaz Production Association located there. But a little later, with widespread involvement in the use of resort resources of this territory (and this is the territory of the famous resort area of ​​the Caucasus Mineral water), all work related to uranium mining and enrichment was curtailed.

Large deposits of uranium and thorium ore have also been discovered near the cities of Vikhorevka, Irkutsk region (Vikhorevskoye deposit), Slyudyanka (deposit of uranium-containing and rare earth elements), Lovozero (uranium and thorium minerals), the area of ​​Lake Onega (uranium and vanadium minerals), Vishnevogorsk, Novogorny (uranium mineralization).

Uranium metallurgy has become widespread in only 3 cities of Russia: Elektrostal (Machine-Building Plant PA), Novosibirsk (Chemical Concentrates Plant PA), Glazov (Chepetsk Mechanical Plant PA).

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