Analysis of innovative activities at JSC DSU. Report on the practice of improving cash management using the example of OJSC "Stupino DSU". List of sources used

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    Introduction

    Highways are vital arteries, without the development of which it is impossible to boost the economy of the region, and, consequently, the successful implementation of economic reforms. This truth does not require proof and is confirmed practical experience previous years.

    In the complex of the national economy, highways belong to the life support systems of the region and are of great importance for its social and economic development, since automobile transport is the only transport in the area.

    Taking into account the importance of developing a network of highways in the area, the Special attention for construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance. The settlements of the region are connected to each other by paved roads, including about 50% with improved surfaces.

    State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor" is the largest road construction enterprise in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Today it has 59 branches throughout the republic, including the road construction department, the production and technological equipment department, and the Ufa plant for repairing construction and road machines "Remstroydormash".

    In this practical work A complete and detailed technical and economic analysis of the activities of the Zelenchuk branch of the State Unitary Enterprise Bashkiravtodor will be considered.

    The purpose of the internship at the Zelenchuk branch of the State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor" is to become familiar with the production and economic activities of the organization.

    The objective of the internship was to:

    Collect financial and economic documentation;

    Assess the economic situation at the enterprise and its activities according to plan;

    Assess the investment, innovation, marketing, external and internal processes of the enterprise;

    Conduct an analysis of the enterprise's situation;

    Acquire knowledge for use in practice in managerial activities.

    When preparing the report, the following documentation was used: Regulations on the Zelenchuksky DRSU, Explanatory Note to annual report for 2005, a plan for the implementation of construction and installation works for 2005, an enterprise development program, information on the costs of production and sales of products (works, services), etc.

    1. General characteristics of Zelenchukskoye DRSU State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor"

    Zelenchuk Road Repair and Construction Department is a separate division State unitary enterprise for contract construction, repair and maintenance of highways of the Republic of Bashkortostan “Bashkiravtodor” without the rights of a legal entity.

    Zelenchuksky DRSU was created with the aim of satisfying public needs in the results of its activities and making a profit.

    To achieve these goals, Zelenchuksky DRSU carries out the following activities:

    · construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of highways, public roads, road structures, road construction mechanisms, components and assemblies, bases, asphalt concrete plants and gas stations, as well as industrial buildings, structures, housing;

    · production and sale of construction and road construction materials building materials, parts and structures, road signs;

    · production, sale and repair of road-building mechanisms, attachments and spare parts for special Vehicle, used in road construction;

    · design and survey work related to the use of subsoil, drawing up projects for the construction and repair of highways, as well as industrial and non-industrial facilities;

    · production and sale of products from asphalt concrete plants, crushing plants, quarries, woodworking shops, etc.

    Zelenchuksky DRSU has the right, by proxy, of the State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor" to carry out foreign economic activities.

    Foreign economic transactions with goods (types of work, services), the export and import of which are regulated by the state, are carried out with a special permit (license) obtained in the manner established by current legislation.

    Zelenchuksky DRSU services 482.4 km of roads, of which 252.7 km are with asphalt concrete, 198.4 km are gravel, and 31.3 km are unpaved.

    All funds allocated in 2005 under the territorial order for road maintenance in the amount of 15,857 thousand rubles were fully utilized.

    On the balance sheet of Zelenchuksky DRSU there are:

    An asphalt concrete plant with two asphalt mixing plants, brand DS-117, which has been in operation since 1983 and DS-158 since 1992.

    Typical repair shop for 8 conventional units.

    Auto garage for 22 units.

    Boiler room running on gas fuel.

    The DRSU has 35 vehicles on its balance sheet; the availability rate in 2005 was 0.87 and the fleet utilization rate was 0.72.

    There are 24 units of road construction equipment, the technical readiness coefficient of which is 0.87 and the fleet utilization coefficient is 0.55.

    Available vehicles on average since 1992-1993, average wear and tear is 63.1%, incl. dump trucks have even more; out of 14 operating dump trucks, 12 have completely reached the end of their service life.

    For road construction equipment, the average wear is 67.3% of the two operating asphalt mixing plants, one brand DS-117, built in 1983, reached its service life back in 1993. It will be possible to count quite a lot of such mechanisms and road construction equipment: motor graders, loaders, rollers, tractors of various brands, etc.

    Security production base is 29%.

    To ensure compliance production program For the construction, repair and maintenance of highways, teams and units have been organized, which are provided with the necessary trained personnel, including:

    Team for production and laying of asphalt concrete mixture;

    Road maintenance and repair team;

    Procurement of all basic construction materials is mainly carried out through the UPTK State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor" (crushed stone, ASG, oil bitumen, pipes, reinforced concrete, etc.). The quality of building materials is checked both in our laboratory and in the central construction laboratory of State Unitary Enterprise BAD. A laboratory that has a certificate is provided with everything necessary equipment, which allows all types of work to control the quality of incoming material to be carried out on site.

    The quality of the produced asphalt concrete mixture is ensured by performing such types of work, preliminary dosing of inert materials supplied to the installations (there is an underground gallery with four chutes), and strict control over the temperature regime of the prepared bitumen for supply to the installation.

    The composition of the mixture is selected daily according to the passports issued by the central construction laboratory of the State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor".

    The asphalt concrete mixture laying team is equipped with all the necessary mechanisms and tools, which allows the work to be carried out at the proper level.

    The state of occupational health and safety is under constant control of the administration and the trade union committee. All types of briefings and training of employees are carried out in a timely manner. Responsible persons have been appointed for compliance with equipment and fire safety.

    During the reporting year 2005, significant work was carried out on landscaping and landscaping of the territory, thanks to which the company took an honorable second place in the competition for landscaping, landscaping and sanitary cleaning in the regional center among organizations.

    2. Technical and economic part of the Ilishevsky DRSU State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor"

    2.1 Economic planning

    Current economic plans (annual, quarterly, monthly) specify in detail the goals and objectives set by the long-term plan. Current economic plans (production business plans) include information about orders, their availability material resources, load levels production capacity, provision of industrial and production personnel. They also contain calculations of production costs, calculations of profit, profitability, costs for the reconstruction of the production and technical base of the enterprise.

    The main indicators of road work for 2005 on the territorial road network are characterized by the following data:

    Table 1

    Types of jobs

    Plan for 2005

    Fact. completed in 2005

    % completed

    1. Road repair

    2. Disaster response

    4. Work for external customers

    For development economic plan The main measures are taken aimed at the further development of the Ilishevsky DRSU reform processes for 2005-2006 and giving effects, namely:

    · new labor organization,

    · new types of products,

    · construction,

    · reconstruction,

    · refurbishment,

    · introduction of cost accounting,

    · new types of services cost reduction,

    · control,

    · new systems wages,

    · development of an economic corner,

    · economic studies,

    · seeking additional income and others.

    The main reason, factor influencing the content and preparation of the plan for production, finance, and economics is the lack of funding for the volume of work performed by the State Unitary Enterprise "Bashkiravtodor" and the UDS of the Ministry of Construction of the Republic of Belarus, which amounted to about 1.7 million as of January 1, 2005. rubles Such a negative phenomenon will lead DRSU to a further deterioration of the economy and finances, a reduction in the volume of work, the condition of equipment and roads in the region as a whole.

    2.2 Operational and production planning

    Operational and production planning is making decisions about how the organization's resources should be distributed to achieve strategic goals.

    Operational and production planning usually covers short term, that is, it is the subject of concern for middle and lower management.

    Operational and production planning is the planning of individual operations in the general economic flow in a short period, for example, production planning, marketing planning, etc. Under operational planning understand also the preparation of an organization's budget.

    To ensure the implementation of the operational production plan for the construction, repair and maintenance of highways, teams and units have been organized that are provided with the necessary trained personnel, including:

    Team for production and laying of asphalt concrete mixture,

    Road maintenance and repair team,

    A team for the repair and maintenance of road construction machines, etc.

    2.3 Financial activities of the enterprise

    The financial condition of the Ilishevsky DRSU depends on the results of its production, commercial and financial activities. Difficulties with the implementation of completed construction and installation works lead to a decrease in the flow of funds into the accounts of the enterprise, as a result of which its solvency deteriorates. There is also Feedback, since the lack of funds can lead to interruptions in the supply of material resources, and consequently, in the production process.

    Financial activities should be aimed at ensuring systematic receipt and effective use financial resources, compliance with settlement and credit discipline, achieving a rational ratio of own and borrowed funds, financial stability for the purpose of effective functioning of the enterprise. Analysis plays a significant role in achieving a stable position.

    The enterprise carries out internal and external analysis of its financial condition.

    The financial condition of an enterprise is characterized by the placement and use of funds (assets) and the sources of their formation (liabilities).

    The main factors determining the financial condition are, firstly, the implementation of the financial plan and replenishment as the need arises for one’s own working capital due to profit and, secondly, the turnover rate of working capital (assets). The signal indicator in which the financial condition is manifested is the solvency of the enterprise, which means its ability to timely satisfy the payment requirements of suppliers of equipment and materials in accordance with business contracts, repay loans, pay staff, and make payments to the budget. Since the implementation of the financial plan mainly depends on the results of production and economic activity in general, we can say that the financial situation is determined by the entire set of economic factors and is the most general indicator.

    After general characteristics financial condition and its changes during the reporting period, the next important task of analyzing the financial condition is the study of absolute indicators of the financial stability of the enterprise.

    Profitability in 2005 totaled 24.3% versus 20.3% in 2004: for repairs - 19.9%, for maintenance - 20.1%.

    Formed:

    a) the consumption fund, which as of 01/01/06. is - 309.0 tr.

    b) accumulation fund --1407.0 t.r.

    Wage arrears as of 01/01/05. - 102.0 tr.

    Accrued in 2005 - 5264.9 tr.

    Average monthly salary - 4618.0

    Repaid in 2005:

    A) in cash- 4666.5 tr.

    b) goods and food products - 355.4 tr.

    c) services provided - 119.4 tr.

    d) taxes - 662.4 tr.

    Total: - 5803.9 tr.

    Debt as of 01/01/06. - 353.0 tr.

    In order to maintain a stable financial condition of the organization, measures were taken to conclude contracts with external customers, who were able to timely pay for the volume of work performed in a total amount of 9420.0 tr.

    Accounts receivable as of 01/01/06. is - 4706.0 tr., including State Unitary Enterprise BAD - 4527.0 tr., buyers and customers - 179.0 tr.

    Accounts payable as of 01/01/2006 -1622.0 tr.

    Debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds as of 01/01/06. is - 503.0 tr.

    In general, the indicators of financial and economic activity of the Ilishevsky DRSU are quite stable. Maintained sufficiently for further development level of production profitability.

    2.4 Innovation activities

    production receivable payable

    Innovation is the main means of ensuring the competitiveness of the activities of the Ilishevsky DRSU and ensuring the sustainability of the enterprise’s success in the road construction industry as a whole. Because of this, innovation management is integral part and one of the main directions of strategic enterprise management.

    Strategy innovation activity enterprise is focused on scientific and technical progress(NTP), to use its results to improve production efficiency and ensure the competitiveness of services and the enterprise as a whole. This is achieved by detailed development of the goals of the enterprise's innovation activities.

    During the reporting year, at the Ilishevsky DRSU, the production of high-performance snow dumps, blades for graders and bulldozers, certified road signs on the basis of a branch of the Remdorstroymash plant, the production of steel fiber reinforced concrete and new pavilions was mastered. Today, KDM equipment for KAMAZ vehicles is being mastered, as well as equipment for transporting and laying cast asphalt.

    Usage modern technologies, materials and equipment - at the Ilishevsky DRSU - this is an opportunity to further improve safety on the roads of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

    In general, the innovative receptivity at the Ilishevsky DRSU is positive.

    2.5 Work motivation

    A modern enterprise management system is not considered effective if it does not put the “human factor” first. The success of any production and commercial activities primarily depends on effort labor collective, professionalism of management subjects, their interest in the results of their work. For this purpose, an incentive system is widely used in management activities. Based on this characteristic, the enterprise’s costs are divided into mandatory ones associated with the implementation of basic labor responsibilities, and incentives aimed at achieving high quality indicators.

    Ilishevsky DRSU pays great attention to the social security of its employees, organizing their recreation and treatment. Last year, the Berkut holiday home was opened, created on the territory of the Yangan-Tau resort specifically for employees of the Ilishevsky DRSU.

    Staff turnover in the Ilishevsky DRSU is minimal. Wage here it is issued on time. Therefore, labor productivity is growing every year. This year it increased by 4 percent.

    2.6 Supply and distribution activities

    Supply and sales activities in the Ilishevsky DRSU have changed compared to last year - the volume of repairs and maintenance of roads across the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan has increased.

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    Formation of new economic relations in the conditions of the emerging Russian economy, it requires fundamental changes, a fundamentally new culture of industrial relations, and the organization of effective business. Created economic system includes as constituent elements of the organization enterprises of various forms of ownership and subordination with numerous production, economic, financial and other connections, focused on obtaining positive financial results that ensure the efficiency of management as a whole.

    By organizing its activities, each enterprise occupies a certain niche in the market. As a rule, several goals are outlined for implementation, depending on the stage of the project’s life cycle, as well as on external and internal conditions affecting the behavior of the business entity. Independence in assessing situations and making business decisions, responsibility for final results put forward special requirements for management in an enterprise striving to achieve financial performance. The financial result is not only an indicator of the effectiveness of organizational, production, sales and other systems, but also a certain indicator of the enterprise’s capabilities in terms of attractiveness for investors and owners.

    Effective management finance means, first of all, their widespread use at all stages of the reproduction process.

    The constant exchange of goods, material assets and services as a result of purchase and sale determines the existence of a system monetary relations, the emergence of finance of economic entities. Finance is the essence of economic relations carried out through the circulation of money at all stages of social reproduction.

    Participating in the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, enterprise finances are an indicator of the state of the economy, both of an individual enterprise and of the country as a whole. The production characteristics of each economic entity are manifested in the specifics of the formation of monetary funds, reflecting the state of the enterprise’s finances.

    Enterprise finance is a set of economic relations mediated in monetary form that arise in the process of formation, distribution and use gross income, cash savings and financial resources.

    Financial management in an enterprise involves not only assessing ongoing processes, but also developing solution algorithms financial issues and problems. All occurring events are assessed in dynamics, taking into account a large number of factors, risks accompanying any entrepreneurial activity.

    Managing the processes of cash and commodity flows, the formation, distribution and use of various funds and resources makes it possible to implement a market strategy, the nature of which may vary depending on the market situation and the life cycle of the enterprise. Together with accounting and management accounting Finance provides enterprises with the necessary information base.

    Financial management of an enterprise in market conditions is one of the main areas of management activity, providing solutions to current issues of financing production and sales of products, as well as the tasks of surviving in competition, stabilizing the financial situation, minimizing costs and maximizing profits, profitable activities and increasing sales volumes. All this increases the value of the enterprise itself in terms of investment attractiveness and development prospects.

    Cash flows and the amount of cash turnover are determined by the nature of the enterprise’s activities and production volumes, the size of transactions with suppliers and customers, budgetary and extra-budgetary funds, banks and insurance organizations, etc. Effective management of these processes requires appropriate organization of the financial activities themselves, including financial planning, operational and control-analytical work.

    Our country's international economic ties are growing. They are largely carried out by road transport. Share of international road transport on federal roads exceeds 80 percent, and the speed of vehicles in Russia is half that in Europe. However, only about a quarter of our paved roads are designed for an axle load of 10 tons, and Europe requires international transport corridors to have a standard load of 11.5 tons. It’s hard to imagine how much money the country is losing, how much fuel is wasted from cars sitting idle in traffic jams, from driving at low speeds, how cars wear out on Russian potholes and potholes. Experts have calculated that an extra hour of traffic on our country’s roads costs 1 billion rubles.

    Analysis of production and economic processes at the enterprise and beyond makes it possible to predict the development of situations and, on this basis, draw up production and financial plans. Situation modeling provides multiple options for plans, reducing the level of risks taken. The interaction of services and departments of the enterprise, coordination of efforts on the part of financiers when carrying out and evaluating calculations of production and financial indicators of the plan ensure the interdependence and interdependence of the results of activities of all structures of the enterprise.

    Thus, the relevance of organizing finance for modern enterprise no doubt. The topic deserves attention and is of interest to scientific research.

    The subject of study (analysis) was the essence and functions of finance, their role in strengthening the financial condition of the enterprise in the conditions market economy, identification of factors that make it possible to increase the level of financial activity of an enterprise and, on this basis, increase its liquidity and solvency.

    The purpose of writing the thesis is to study the peculiarities in the organization of finances of road enterprises, to identify reserves and ways to increase the efficiency of the use of financial resources.

    To achieve this goal, the following tasks will be solved:

    1) reveal the essence and features of the finances of a road enterprise, the formation and use of its resources, features financial planning and forecasting;

    2) using practical material from a specific enterprise, analyze the organization of the enterprise’s financial resources, its financial stability, the level of self-financing, and the procedure for generating financial results.

    The methodological and theoretical basis of the thesis should be the relevant federal laws of the Russian Federation, the Tax Code, teaching aids and special literature on the designated research topic, accounting (financial) and statistical reporting the enterprise being studied;

    3) based on generalization of the analysis results, develop practical recommendations to improve the efficiency of road enterprises and, specifically, the State Unitary Enterprise of the Jewish Autonomous Region for the repair, construction and maintenance of highways “Road Repair and Construction Department-1”.


    1 Finance of road enterprises as an integral part of the state financial system

    1.1 Organizational and legal basis for the activities of road enterprises

    The existing roads in our country are divided into public and departmental roads. The former account for 90% of all roads. Public roads, according to their national economic significance, are divided into national, republican, regional and local.

    National roads connect the most important economic regions and major administrative, industrial and cultural centers of the country. Depending on the traffic intensity, they belong to the first or second category of roads (1st category - over 6 thousand cars per day, 2nd - from 3 to 6 thousand).

    Conclusion


    The network of public roads is an integral part of a single transport system Russian Federation, ensuring the constitutional right of citizens of the Russian Federation to freedom of movement. Highways, serving national and regional needs, largely determine economic development countries and regions.

    The problems of road development for our country are obviously relevant, given modern level motorization and the state of road communications. Unfortunately, all issues related to the effect of the development of highways and investments in them are very difficult to account for. The most striking indicator of the development of the road network is the speed of transportation. The optimal speed of traffic flow is about 70 km/h. According to expert calculations, when it decreases to 20 km/h, the cost of transportation increases by 1.5-1.6 times. This is very significant, especially for countries with large territories and long distances for average cargo transportation. Idle traffic jams cause even more damage. The cost of transportation significantly depends on the evenness of the coating. Thus, according to expert calculations, when moving from a high-quality highway to a gravel road, it increases by 1.5-1.7 times. The greatest damage is felt by the agro-industrial complex, in the cost of production of which the share of the transport component in some cases exceeds 50%. All this eloquently confirms that the level of development of road transport has a noticeable impact on the general economic climate in the country.

    Until 2001, road funding came from road funds. Sources of income were strictly assigned to them, including, as a rule, a tax on the sale of fuels and lubricants (fuels and lubricants), some types of excise taxes, and fees from road users. The funds accumulated in such funds were specifically allocated to the road sector, which was supposed to guarantee stable and predictable financing of the national road network at an acceptable level. Funds received by the fund were typically placed at the disposal of an independent government agency.

    However, over time, the activities of these funds began to cause dissatisfaction, since they did not provide a solution to the task for which they were created - complete and timely financing of the road sector. Growing criticism of targeted road funds has caused institutional changes in a number of countries, expressed in the liquidation of targeted road funds and the consolidation of funds received by them in the revenue side of the budget and, accordingly, expenses in the expenditure side. In particular, Russia followed this path in 2001, abandoning the targeted road fund.

    The object of the diploma research is the State Unitary Enterprise of the Jewish Autonomous Region for the repair, construction and maintenance of highways “Road Repair and Construction Department-1”.

    The analysis showed that DRSU is in a state of crisis, which is typical for the industry as a whole, which is primarily due to insufficient funding for the road sector.

    As of January 1, 2005, the total debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds amounted to 9.3 million rubles. The tax situation is similar today at many road enterprises.

    An analysis of the presented reporting indicators of the DRSU revealed the illiquidity, insolvency and lack of creditworthiness of the enterprise. This is due to existing violations in the financing of working capital, since the only source of their financing is borrowed short-term loans and borrowings.

    A study of business activity indicators showed a decrease in 2004 compared to 2003. The values ​​of financial stability coefficients indicate non-independent financing of current assets. The company does not have own funds, which indicates that the company is bankrupt.

    Reducing sources of funding for the road sector poses a threat to the industry. But for their growth, it is economically correct to increase the tax burden only on those business entities and citizens who directly use roads.

    Over the decade of the existence of road funds, it was possible to maintain the integrity of the industry, but the quality of work has decreased, and economic efficiency has not been ensured. Therefore, the first place should be placed not on the growth of sources of financing and not on the creation of state-owned enterprises on the basis of federal state unitary enterprises and/or their privatization, but on a holistic systemic reorganization of the road sector, clarification within its framework of the economic basis, goals and criteria for the industry. Affiliation between the customer and the contractor is unacceptable here: without this, privatization and/or the creation of state-owned enterprises can complicate the situation.

    It is advisable to take measures to increase economic literacy in the road sector and organize modern business processes, on this basis, including Russian roads in international transport corridors, and attracting domestic, foreign and international financial institutions to this.

    It is necessary to speed up the development of the law “On Highways and Road Activities,” which could well become the basis for this systemic reorganization.


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    4. Federal Law of November 14, 2002 N 161-FZ “On State and Municipal unitary enterprises"(as amended and supplemented on December 8, 2003) // Consultant Plus

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