The word "profession" comes from the Latin "professio", which means "official occupation, occupation." Modern definition of this term is more voluminous and sounds like this: “a profession is a historically emerged form labor activity for the performance of which a person must have certain knowledge, skills, abilities, as well as professionally important qualities.

Our list of professions is constantly updated and growing.

There is a special list of professions (where, unfortunately, no description can be found) approved by the Ministry of Labor of Russia - “ All-Russian classifier professions of workers, positions of employees and tariff categories"(OKPDTR). Usually tough tariff scale actually used only in state and budget institutions. private firms and commercial organizations are more loyal to the discrepancy between education, profession and position.

Career guidance advice from ProfGuide will help you in this important matter, not only as information support, but will point you in the direction and place landmarks according to your abilities. Indeed, in order to build successful career And decent life in the future, it is not enough to determine the propensity for a particular profession. A psychologist will help you choose a profession that matches your talents, but in different industries - the most developed in the present and promising in the future.

The world of professions is incredibly diverse and large. In order not to get lost in this diversity, the professions were conditionally divided into groups: man-man, man-technology, man-nature, man-artistic image.

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: typology E.A. Klimov, which classifies professions according to and the Dutch typology of professions, which connects the type of personality and the type of professional environment chosen by a person.

Typology of professions E.A. Klimov

Klimov identified five objects of labor: , technique, sign, nature. In the first part of the name of the type of profession, the subject of labor is indicated, which is always a person.

Man is man- all professions related to the upbringing, service, training of people, communication with them. This group includes all teaching and medical professions, professions in the service sector and others.

Man is technology- all professions related to the creation, maintenance and operation of equipment. These are such professions as: design engineer, car mechanic, system administrator and others.

Man is a work of art- all professions related to the creation, copying, reproduction and study of artistic images. This group includes such professions as: artist, actor, singer, restorer, art critic and others.

Man is nature- all professions related to the study, protection and transformation of nature. This group includes such professions as: veterinarian, gardener, agronomist, ecologist and others.

Man is a sign- all professions related to the creation and use of sign systems (digital, alphabetic, musical). This group includes translators of artistic and technical texts, analysts, financiers and others.

The peculiarity of the application of this classification in our time is that simple professions with one object of labor are becoming a thing of the past and they are being replaced by professions with several objects of labor, or with a complex object of labor. For example, the profession of a landscape designer simultaneously belongs to the type of man-nature and to the type of man-artistic image.

Typology of professions by J. L. Holland

Holland proceeded in his classification from the fact that a person's choice of professional space is an expression of his personality. A person's achievements in one or another type of career depend on the correspondence between the characteristics of the individual and the characteristics of the professional environment.

He singled out six personality types and six types of professional environment.

There are certain patterns of combination of personality type and environment type

• "+" - favorable
• "++" - very favorable

• "-" - not favorable
• "- -" - very unfavorable

A few years before the graduation class of the school, teenagers face the question: "What profession should I choose for myself?" This choice is quite difficult, because it is influenced by parents, friends and others around. It is important to have an idea of ​​what professions exist, how many there are, and what you need in order to choose one or another direction for yourself.

What professions exist? Classifications

When answering the question "what professions exist?", it must be taken into account that everything depends on the criterion by which the division is carried out. There are several classification systems for all existing professions. The most popular - according to E. A. Klimov, which divides all specialties in accordance with the system of relationships between man and nature, man, technology, sign system and artistic image.

Classification of professions according to E.A. Klimov

Specialties "man-man" is the most understandable system, since a person encounters people of this system every day in everyday life: teachers, salespeople, doctors, hairdressers, etc.

"Man and technology" are technicians, engineers, equipment assemblers, workers on machine tools, etc. The activities of these people are directly related to mechanisms. This also includes the extraction and processing of metal, the repair of cars and various installations, construction specialties.

What are the professions associated with the relationship between man and the sign system? There is nothing difficult in this. Secretary, engineer, translator, programmer in the working environment are faced with documents, symbols, signs, diagrams.

The last system that correlates with artistic images is creative specialties associated with the creation of musical creations, objects of fine art.

Number of professions

Of course, there are many professions, and it is quite difficult to calculate the exact number. This is not a static system that remains unchanged for years: every year the number of specialties in the world increases in parallel with the development of mankind. Since the question “how many professions are there in the world?” quite often arises, there must be corresponding documents counting them.

The approximate number of specialties in the world is 40,000, and many of them for temperate latitudes seem quite exotic, if not incomprehensible and stupid. About 500 new professions are born every year.

And what professions exist in Russia? Not all of the available specialties are available for our country, only approximately 1/4 of them. But this is more than 9000 items. Over the past 3 centuries, the figure has increased 450 times.

Demand for specialties

Of course, as many professions exist, so many specialists in this field can be found. At the same time, not all specialties are equally popular: this business has its own seasonality. A specific list has been compiled of what professions are fashionable today in Russia. And it differs from what types of work are in demand today.

Determining the reason why applicants choose a particular specialty, in the first place should indicate the need to have prestigious profession and at the same time the possibility of a high level of earnings.

Therefore, many applicants go to get knowledge at Faculty of Economics. Despite the fact that every enterprise needs an economist, some time ago the market for such workers was saturated. As an economist, you need to have an idea of ​​the place in which such a specialist will be needed after graduation.

A wide profile of activity implies such a position as a manager. They are various directions: advertising, sales, crisis management etc.

In connection with the development of information technology, the work of a programmer is popular and in demand. In order to work for him, it is not enough to have only a desire - you must also have the ability to this species activities.

The category of popular specialties also includes work in the field of advertising. This is an interesting activity, creative and in demand, creative and paid, which attracts many young professionals.

Legal education is also in the top lines of the ranking of applicants.

Demand for professions: scarce specialties

Given the fact that not everyone can afford to study at a prestigious university, many choose construction specialties for themselves. In this area, there is a constant shortage of personnel, so even in such conditions, demand exceeds supply.

Since effective earnings are associated with sales, then the sales manager continues the list of popular professions. Good specialists in this field have good earnings and are respected by the head. However, finding such a person is not easy.

Continues the list of specialties that are not fully provided by specialists, the work of the seller. Opening in a great variety of supermarkets are experiencing a shortage of professionals who want to take on such a job is not so much.

Next on the list is engineering. The country needs such specialists, but it still cannot provide itself with the necessary number of employees. Every year many graduates become specialists of this link, however, despite this, the need for them is growing.

Everywhere enterprises advertise the need for drivers. There are such positions in Food Industry, and in the field of light textile production, and in points public service, and in stores that provide delivery services. Working conditions are very diverse: some require personal transport, others provide a working vehicle.

Professions for girls

From the entire list, there is a certain list of those specialties that are more suitable for girls.

What are the professions for girls? Traditionally, women's work includes the work of a flight attendant, train conductor, dispatcher of various call centers, a beautician, and a nurse. Some of the list is diluted with men, but this is rather an exception, and a male hairdresser or stylist makes an ambiguous impression.

Women's work is more often associated with creative process creating something new, since the mental organization of the weaker sex is more subtle, and ladies are not too adapted for physical labor.

Creative professions

In the directory of all specialties there is a list of those that are considered creative. To have such a job is interesting and prestigious today. The only catch is that in order to follow the path of creativity, you must have a talent or ability for something. Further, it is necessary to consider in more detail the question of what creative professions exist.

• Traditionally, they include musicians, composers, artists. These people have their own vision of the world, which can be verified by talking with them. As a rule, such people have talent since childhood and develop it in the relevant art and music schools.

• If a person has a so-called sense of beauty, then come to creative profession possible over the years. Interesting work of a photographer, designer. Fashionable words, but under them a very wide profile of activity is hidden: this is interior design, and the design of clothes, shoes, and landscape design. Society will always need good specialists in this field.

• Speaking about what professions exist in the creative field, one cannot fail to mention the work of a stylist. It has a fundamental difference from the work of a hairdresser, who performs a haircut according to a template, while a stylist develops an image as a whole. A new direction in style is the work of a groomer who shears animals.

• Journalism and PR management require quick response and communication skills; you need to be a good psychologist, feeling what others are oriented towards.

• Creative specialties include actors, and this includes both film and theater actors, as well as animators, circus performers, and representatives of the humorous genre. More generally speaking, all those individuals whose activities are related to public speaking.

How to choose a profession

When choosing the desired specialty from a huge list, you must first determine for yourself a list of those industries that are more attractive. Then you need to objectively assess for yourself what exactly you like about them and whether they are really interesting.

It is necessary to approach the choice of a profession individually, taking into account your preferences, not based on the popularity of the specialty or its profitability. Better to be a good doctor than a bad programmer.

When choosing a profession, two main criteria should be considered: personal qualities and so-called aptitude. Simply put, a person must not only want to work in a certain area, but also have a certain potential for self-realization in it.

"Techies" and "humanists" - the most elementary division of people according to the criterion of professional suitability. The corresponding abilities may be pronounced, but it also happens that a person has approximately the same propensity for technical and humanities. In any case, within each of these two groups of professions, there are many subgroups, and therefore the choice is quite wide.

Even the ancient Romans noticed that mala herba cito crescit (“weed grows quickly”), and in order to get a good harvest, you need to work hard, and with skill. Today, the food security of the seven billion people is provided by agronomists, gardeners, farmers, machine operators and even foresters - all those who work on the land or are professionally engaged in crop production.

The list of professions related to security can be both technical and social and humanitarian, or it can be at the junction of these two areas. In addition, in this area there is a division into power security and information. Security in the field of IT and engineering security is especially relevant at the enterprise level, and fire and military security are, as a rule, matters of public service.

Representatives of the military professions do not "work", but carry public service. In addition, to become a military man, the corresponding education usually needs to be received from school age. The military professional sphere provides the country with people who can and are able to make responsible decisions, conduct a competent strategy, and also contribute to its technical development. In a word, the mission of protecting the state in peacetime and wartime is entrusted to their shoulders.

There are professions that can be attributed to several categories at once, or, conversely, they do not fit into any list of specialties: for example, an expert or a priest. It is about them that we are talking about in this section.

The specialties, to put it simply, related to the computer, include a large group of professions that are directly related to information technology. IT (in the English version IT - information technology) is a set of methods and means for collecting, processing, storing and transmitting text, video or audio data. The use and development of this harmonious system is provided by IT specialists, in other words, IT specialists: web developers, software testers, programmers, content managers, system administrators and dozens of other professionals involved in computer equipment, software and their use.

Professions associated with the sky, of course, poetically can be called the most sublime, and they are suitable for one hundred percent romantics. But you need to be prepared for the fact that the specialties of an air traffic controller, stewardess or pilot will require quite earthly and absolute dedication - it is not for nothing that cosmonauts and test pilots are awarded the title of Hero of Russia for their work.

In the 21st century, beauty and fashion have become powerful industries, which means that professionals are needed to work in them, and very different ones: makeup artists, hairdressers, stylists, fashion designers. Breaking through and making a name for yourself in this area is not easy, but it is extremely interesting to work.

Under light industry understand the totality of industries that produce a huge range of consumer goods - from toys and souvenirs to household items that are impossible to do without in everyday life. All this is developed and manufactured by representatives of different professions: clothing designers, fashion designers, tailors, seamstresses, shoemakers, weavers, furniture makers.

Modern linguists are no longer pure humanists who compare the vocabulary of Byron's and Pushkin's poems or collect dialect expressions on expeditions to cities and villages in order to compile a dictionary of dialects of disappearing peoples. Today, the list of professions related to theoretical study and practical application different languages, includes not only a translator and a linguist, but also specialists in information intelligent systems involved in the development of speech recognition programs, automatic text processing and other software.

So that every customer can always find on the shelves of the supermarket, in the collection of the boutique and in the salon household appliances exactly the goods that he needs, the system of purchases, transportation, warehousing should be clearly established. All this is done by sales managers, buyers, merchandisers, supervisors, brokers, brokers, logisticians, storekeepers, freight forwarders and other representatives of professions related to the field of trade.

Doctors, nurses, geneticists, virologists and other researchers in the field of medical science chose the medical profession in their time. The level of responsibility in this area goes off scale, and the knowledge necessary for work is sometimes at the intersection of such sciences as chemistry, physics, biology, and even engineering. The list of specializations for doctors is not long. Today, medical institutions are constantly in need of anesthesiologists, pediatric and adult resuscitators, narcologists and psychiatrists, as well as emergency doctors and workers in the field of medical laboratory diagnostics.

On the seas, on the waves - now here, tomorrow there. If you are ready to live in such a rhythm, then the professions of a sea captain, sailor, navigator, minder or diver are just for you. Work in the navy cannot be called easy, but marine specialties have long and probably forever received the status of the most romantic.

In universities, everyone studies a variety of academic disciplines, for many graduates of higher educational institutions science becomes a profession. Historians and philosophers, ethnographers and anthropologists, archaeologists and paleontologists, ecologists and sociologists, art historians and cultural scientists, nuclear physicists and biochemists, meteorologists and cartographers, geologists and gemologists - they all work in different branches of fundamental or applied science.

With the development of the segment of non-state education, the level of demand for representatives of pedagogical professions has increased dramatically. Besides, in Lately the practice of private tutoring is becoming very common. Babysitting and employment in preschool institutions also require the candidate teacher education. Modern educational, entertainment and sports studios for children and adults offer dance, language, and creative classes. In all these areas, the profession of a teacher is in demand.

Everyone loves to eat deliciously, but if at home we often get by with amateur express scrambled eggs, “built” in haste and as God puts it on our souls, then in industrial scale professionals are engaged in cooking and food production: technologists Catering, chefs, bakers, restaurateurs, and even tasters and sommeliers who personally test the taste of food and make wine lists.

Civil servants are employees of executive, legislative, regional and municipal authorities, employees of the police, prosecutors, courts, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and even the military. That is, these are not only officials in the usual sense for the majority, but in general all professionals working in state civil or law enforcement agencies. Therefore, by and large, politicians and diplomats can be called civil servants.

Professions related to working with people either carry a certain social benefit, or are at the junction of two (or more) areas of activity, pursuing slightly different goals. So, if we compare, for example, the profession of a teacher and a personnel manager, then the first one works exclusively with people and for the sake of people (in general), and the second one pursues corporate interests. Therefore, working with people is very general concept which, however, in all cases requires the employee to display highly moral human qualities.

It is not for nothing that wild and domestic animals are called our smaller brothers: just like people, they need qualified medical care, professional care, proper education and reliable protection. Veterinarians, paramedics, cynologists, groomers, zoologists, trainers, huntsmen, in a word, specialists whose work involves direct or indirect contact with animals, do all this for the inhabitants of the wild and pets.

Travel agency workers, tour guides, flight attendants, pilots and others are bright representatives of professions directly related to travel. However, there is a list of professions that are only indirectly related to flights and trips, and therefore they are of a travel nature. Geologists, archaeologists and other researchers simply cannot imagine their lives without traveling, although the essence of the subject of their activity is not at all in changing the location.

In the field of funds mass media and publishing houses employ representatives of several dozen specialties. All of them provide the publication of books, newspapers, magazines. In recent decades, many traditional professions for this field, for example, a journalist, editor or illustrator, have adapted to the characteristics of electronic media and virtual information platforms without changing their essence. Like hundreds of years ago, correspondents, columnists, reporters, proofreaders, typesetters and other professionals do everything to ensure that the reader receives information High Quality- and no matter in what format it will be presented.

It is unlikely that the ancient Greeks, leaving their daily peaceful activities or military service for the time of participation in the Olympic Games, could have imagined that in two thousand years sport would become a profession. But today it is true, and in this industry, no matter how strange it may sound, football players, tennis players, hockey players, athletes, figure skaters, gymnasts work, and bookmakers take bets on the outcome of the competition. Well, those who did not reach professional level, fitness trainers are involved in sports.

Modern professions for girls and men do not differ much from each other in the modern world: it is no longer customary to divide work by gender. However, prestigious women's professions may differ in their own unique requirements for candidates: there are functions that are easier for a woman to perform. Work for girls can be intellectual or applied (for example, a hairdresser).

What are the professions for girls

Many lucrative professions have their own unique set of requirements, but they can provide stable career growth and high salary. The following list of areas and specialties will suit both interesting job for women:

1. Visage. Working as a make-up artist may only require the completion of special courses, but knowledge is necessary for a successful career foreign languages(to get acquainted with new trends) and continuous professional development.
2. Consulting, accounting. inexperienced fit job secretary, which is a classic example of a female profession. Those who have received higher education can work as economists, lawyers, tourism managers.
3. Journalism. This field of activity is suitable for young girls who have good communication skills. It is a popular destination in many universities of the country.
4. Technical specialties. The work is hard physical labor, unusual professions for women, or may require great perseverance, the ability to work with your hands, and concentrate. These include jobs as a seamstress, machine operator. A high position will not be offered here, but permanent employment is guaranteed.

highly paid

Specialties with high pay are also distinguished by high requirements for applicants. Such work can be associated with a large number of stressful situations, difficult working conditions. TO highly paid professions for girls are:

• IT specialist;
• senior store manager, retail outlet;
• legal adviser;
• service quality auditor;
• doctor of narrow specialization;
• logistics expert;
• beautician.

Promising

Open Opportunities career development are not presented in all works. Such vacancies are distinguished by great competition, high requirements, and have many directions for climbing the career ladder. The following specialties are considered promising:

• pharmacist;
• restaurant sous chef
• photographer;
• choreographer;
• machine operator, production line.

Prestigious

Many specialties for girls are often distinguished by prestige. Such vacancies can be rigorously selected, it is difficult to get there, but the result is worth it. The list of professions for girls looking for a highly paid interesting prestigious job is wide:

• lawyer;
• economist;
• medical representative;
• interior designer;
• clothes designer;
• television or radio presenter;
• stewardess;
• fitness instructor;

fashionable

Many courses for girls will help you get into the most fashionable specialties. Their key feature is low education requirements, but increased communication skills with clients. Interesting professions for women and fashion trends may require a full higher education. Among them:

• dancer;
• singer;
• HR manager;
• art consultant;
• artist;
• stylist;
• brand manager.

Demanded

There are specializations designed only for women, or best suited to their psychology. There is not much competition for these vacancies. Demanded female professions have a narrow focus, specific working conditions. For example:

• nurse;
• waitress;
• secretary;
• conductor;
• dispatcher of the carrier company;
• contact center operator;
• teacher, educator.

Popular

A good job for women is often very popular. And girls, faced with the choice of a profession, are guided by whether it is common, fashionable. Many popular professions and good job for women require the ability to find mutual language with the client to get their attention. List current professions will provide a wide range of activities:

• actress;
• journalist;
• psychologist;
• fashion designer;
• advertising manager.

Professions of the future for girls

In the future, it is possible to change the list of popular professions for women. This means that it will become unprofitable to work as an accountant, and the position of a manager in any area will no longer be so in demand. Change happens out of necessity technical progress, the loss of relevance of many specialties that will be replaced computer programs. Based on this, we can compile a list of types of employment that are relevant in the near future:

• nurse;
• alternative energy expert;
• breeder;
• urbanist;
• expert in the field of settlement of religious contradictions.

The best professions for girls

Due to some psychological characteristics and predispositions, women and men have different specializations. The best areas of activity for ladies are considered to be everything related to creativity, and some branches of technical specialties that are not associated with hard physical labor. This category includes humanitarian and creative fields of activity, office work with papers, all types of consulting that require direct communication with clients.

Creative

Specializations closely related to creativity are better suited for girls due to their greater predisposition to emotional empathy, the ability to correctly convey their own emotions. Many of these professions promising directions for women with good taste in the field of modeling and art. The beautiful sex will not remain indifferent to acting. The following creative specializations can be an excellent choice for a woman:

• actress;
• singer;
• fashion designer;
• artist;
• Art Director;
• interior designer.

Technical

The field of activity of many girls is closely related to the production of equipment, work at the factory, setting up equipment responsible for the stable stamping of the same type of parts. This includes the work of a production operator, a system administrator at a large enterprise, a team leader, a researcher:

• tower crane operator;
• machine operator;
• research institute employee;
• assistant driver;
• architect;
• IT specialist.

Humanities

Working with documentation, management, operating with laws, translating texts or direct speech, conducting legal consultations requires relevant knowledge, higher humanitarian education and takes a lot of time and effort. However, a significant part of professions closely related to legal services, busy with girls. This work requires concentration, it can be characterized by a tough work schedule, but in return it offers career prospects up to regional managers, directors of an enterprise, company, corporation. It can be:

• advocate;
• notary;
• legal consultant;
• simultaneous translation specialist.

Working specialties for women

Working women are not that rare. The list of specializations related to physical labor, but suitable for the fair sex, does not have a large selection. Such areas of employment will offer work immediately after graduation from school or passing specialized courses, graduating from technical schools, colleges with a reduced program. The standard working day in this area is 12 hours with a 2/2 schedule, with rare exceptions. Working girls can be useful in the following areas of activity:

• cook;
• seamstress;
• hairdresser;
• housemaid;
• public transport driver
• foreman.

Office professions

The office field of activity is considered one of the most suitable for women, as it provides convenient schedule work, decent pay, great career opportunities, communication with colleagues, for the most part sharing the interests of each other. This work may not bring pleasure, but it also does not require special skills (learn on the spot in starting positions). For more serious work, you need special education:

• secretary;
• accountant;
• financial director;
• HR manager;
• marketing specialist.

The predisposition of the fair sex to communicate when working with people and the craving for self-expression make them excellent workers in the field of marketing, art, consulting, simultaneous translation, journalism. The following areas of employment are considered the most interesting:

1. Journalism. Processing and collecting information, providing it to a wide audience, communicating with interesting people- all this makes this specialization ideal for girls who are thirsty for communication, striving for self-development.
2. Psychology. The vast majority of women are characterized by explicit, empathy, sympathy. Such qualities are inherent in a good psychologist, who is able to put himself in the place of another person in order to understand his emotions, help him survive difficulties, and cope with problems that have piled up.
3. Stylist, cosmetologist, nutritionist. The ability to take care of oneself and feel beauty is much better developed in girls than in men, so you can complete hairdressing courses. Ladies are excellent stylists, employees of beauty salons, fashion designers, interior designers.

What profession to choose a girl

The choice of specialization depends on many subjective factors inherent in any person. For women key features when choosing a direction of activity are:

1. Age. In this case, the law has a great influence: it is more difficult for minors to find work even with official permission from their parents. Very young girls are reluctant to take, because they have no work experience. Until a certain age (up to 22-25 years old), it is worth considering the position of a waitress, conductor, secretary.
2. Warehouse of character, way of thinking. Not all women are bright empaths. This means that working within a large team can be a burden for them. Closed, calm girls will suit the positions of a seamstress, an operating engineer, an IT specialist, work related to a computer. More open - the profession of an actress, singer, TV or radio host, stylist, tourism manager.
3. Work experience, education. It will not be difficult for a person with great experience to change one position for another: employers are always ready to accept a person who is well versed in his work. A person without experience is another matter. Immediately after school, without experience, education, a girl can get a job as a model, maid, waitress, secretary, nurse.

After 11th grade

Complete secondary education will allow you to continue your education in the maximum possible number of educational institutions and choose the most interesting future specialty:

• Medical schools. Moscow State Medical University (MGMU) them. THEM. Sechenov, Russian National Medical research university(RNIMU) them. N.I. Pirogova - nurse, doctor, pharmacist.
• Technical universities. Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), Russian University of Chemical Technology (RCTU) named after V.I. DI. Mendeleev, Moscow Road Institute (MADI) - machine operator, machinist, chemical technologist, design engineer.
• Humanitarian, law universities.Moscow State Institute international relations(MGIMO), St. Petersburg State University(St. Petersburg State University), Moscow Independent Ecological and Political University (MNEPU) – legal consultant, lawyer, accountant, economist.

After 9th grade

Obtaining an incomplete secondary education imposes its own restrictions on the list of places for possible further education of girls and boys:

• Colleges. Technical, cook, special.
• Courses. Hairdresser, painter, machinist special. technicians, maid.

Business ideas for a girl

Opening own business or as a partner is a good example of a successful career start. The following ideas can bring success to a girl:

• Trade representative of cosmetic companies (Avon, Amway);
• hairdressing salon;
• maintaining a beauty blog on youtube;
• dancing school;
• creative studio for children;
• hand-made studio.

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