A logistics system is a complex structured economic system consisting of elements-links interconnected in a single process of managing material and structuring flows, the totality of which, boundaries and functioning tasks are united by the internal and (or) external goals of the business organization.

The composition of participants in the logistics system of RollTex LLC is as follows:

• Suppliers;
• Transport;
• Stock;
• Production center;
• Enterprise LLC "RollTex"
• Buyers.

Functions of participants in the logistics system of RollTex LLC:

Provider - determining the amount of necessary reserves for each type of resource, methods of storing and making them available for use.

Production center involved in the process of production of goods and services, depending on the adopted technologies.

Transport (carrier)- determination of the nomenclature, volumes, timing, methods of transportation and sources of supplied resources.

Stock- determination of the procedure for storing finished products, means, timing and methods of delivering them to the consumer.

Company. Determining the payment procedure for supplied incoming resources, transport and warehouse services.

Buyer. Participation in the internal process strategic planning. logistic material activity

Logistics chain-- this is a linearly ordered set of specified entities (divisions, individuals and/or legal entities, (manufacturers, intermediaries, public warehouses, etc.) carrying out logistics operations to bring material flow from one logistics link to another (in the case of industrial consumption) or to the final consumer (in the case of non-productive or personal consumption).

In Fig. 1 and 2 show diagrams of the logistics system and supply chain that take place at the RollTex LLC enterprise.

Rice. 1. Simplified diagram of the logistics system of RollTex LLC

The type of logistics system of RollTex LLC is micrologistic, subtype is external (physical distribution, distribution, supply). Because the entire logistics policy is carried out within the framework of one enterprise, with purchases from foreign organizations and subsequent sales to consumers. This also follows from the definition of a micrologistics system.

Micrological control systems- intra-production logistics area of ​​one enterprise or several enterprises united on a corporate basis.

Micrological systems include technologically related production, united by a single infrastructure and working for a single economic result.

Logistics systems are characterized by 4 main properties inherent in any system.

The goal of the logistics system, the so-called “system 7” symbolizes the seven conditions for the effective functioning of the logistics system in an enterprise (group of enterprises) and is formulated as follows:

• 1. Cargo (goods) - the required goods.
• 2. Quality - the required quality.
• 3. Quantity - in the right quantity.
• 4. Time - must be delivered within the required time.
• 5. Location - in the right place.
• 6. Costs - with minimal costs.
• 7. Consumers - to a specific consumer.

Original document?

1. Theoretical foundations of the formation and rationalization of logistics systems

1.1.Basic concepts of logistics systems

In order to receive the necessary quantitative estimates and make informed and specifically formulated management decisions within the framework of the logistics concept, it is necessary to give precise definitions concepts used in logistics.

Logistics is the science of managing and optimizing material, financial and information flows, service flows based on the use of modern technologies and the most progressive economic solutions, integrating internal and external material flows and aimed at achieving final results.

The object of study of logistics as a science and the object of logistics management as a sphere of entrepreneurship is the system of material, information, financial and other flows. The fundamental difference between the logistics approach and the traffic control that precedes it material resources is that now the object of control has become a flow - a set of objects perceived as a single whole. The subject of logistics as a science is organizational and economic relations in the sphere of commodity distribution at the stages of purchase, production and sales of products. Logistics as a scientific discipline studies the general properties, laws and patterns of creating logistics systems.

The main idea of ​​logistics is the organization of the movement of materials and information throughout the entire chain from manufacturer to consumer within a single flow process. The principles of the logistics approach require the integration of logistics, production, transport, sales and the transfer of information on the movement of inventory items to unified system, which should improve efficiency in each of these areas and cross-sectoral efficiency. Thus, the goal of logistics is to optimize the reproduction cycle through an integrated, demand-oriented formation of the flow of materials and information in the production and distribution of products.

Well-known researchers in the field of logistics E. Mate and D. Tisquier see the goal of logistics as optimizing the company’s product offering in such a way that these products find their consumers in the most favorable conditions for overall profitability.

Most often the goal logistics activities associated with the implementation of the so-called logistics rules. The most common approach is to identify “six rules of logistics”, the so-called logistics mix or logistics complex:

– product – a necessary product;

– quantity – in the required quantity;

– quality – required quality;

– time – must be delivered at the right time;

– place – in the right place;

– expenses – with minimal expenses.

Some authors somewhat expand the logistics complex, adding to it such elements as “consumer”, i.e. to the right consumer and “personalization,” which means developing a service system for each order. The goal of logistics activities will be realized if the above rules are met, i.e. ensures the best and fastest response to market demand at the lowest cost. It must be emphasized that the main goal of logistics is to reflect the ideal situation that one must try to achieve.

For the practical implementation of logistics goals, it is necessary to find adequate solutions to a number of relevant problems, which, according to the degree of importance, are divided into two groups: global and private (local) problems.

Global logistics challenges include the following:

creation of complex, integrated systems of material, information, and, if possible, other related flows;

strategic coordination, planning and control over the use of logistics capacities in the spheres of production and circulation;

achieving high system flexibility;

continuous improvement logistics concept within the framework of the chosen strategy in the market environment.

One of the global logistics tasks for a domestic enterprise may be the introduction of new management information technology. When solving global problems, the time component is very important. The fact is that the external environment changes quite quickly, therefore, if the solution to a global problem occurs more slowly than changes in the external environment occur, the result of the solution will be negative.

Particular tasks in logistics are local in nature, they are more dynamic and diverse:

maximum reduction of product storage time;

reduction of transportation time;

rational distribution of vehicles;

quick response to consumer requirements;

prompt processing and delivery of information, etc.

The solution to such a particular problem as reducing transportation time in traffic jams (today, in conditions of fierce competition, many companies begin to count time in hours and minutes), for many organizations there is a transition to night delivery.

Logistics involves the formation and maintenance of the functioning of material flows at individual stages of the movement of materials. There are three functions of logistics:

integrating - the formation of the product distribution process as a single integrated system;

organizing – ensuring interaction and coordination of the stages and actions of participants in the distribution of goods;

control – maintaining the parameters of the material-conducting system within specified limits.

Integrating function. When delivering goods from a supplier to a consumer, the material flow goes through the stages of purchasing materials, production and distribution (sales) of products.

Each stage of product distribution is characterized by specific features and solves problems unique to it. However, none of them can be considered independently, outside the single process of commodity distribution.

The decisive role in this process belongs to sales. It is he who determines the organizational and economic features of production, the volume and range of purchases of materials, as well as the relationship of these stages to each other. At the same time, each of the stages of commodity distribution, in turn, has an impact both directly on the production process and on the flow of the commodity distribution process as a whole.

For example, expansion of the sales market leads to an increase in production and purchases. A temporary cessation of supplies of materials or a sharp increase in prices for them causes an increase in the level of inventories due to the purchase of materials in large quantities and at higher prices. low prices and so on.

Logistics combines the stages of purchasing, production and sales into a single process. Through logistics, the management of the movement of material flows is carried out as the management of a single, integrated system, including a source of raw materials, a number of stages of processing (manufacturing of products) and sales finished products. There is a transition from private, local tasks of subsystems to global goals production organization.

Organizing function. In the process of product distribution, economic connections are established and implemented between suppliers, manufacturers and marketers. The objective basis of economic relations is the division of labor according to the stages of commodity circulation, which leads to the isolation of individual processes and creates the need to establish connections that unite various spheres. The solution to this problem is carried out by organizing, within a single flow process, the movement of materials and information along the entire chain from manufacturer to consumer, ensuring the interaction of individual stages and coordinating the actions of all participants in the distribution of goods.

Control function. In order to achieve rational interaction and coordination of all parts of the process under consideration, it is necessary to manage it. Logistics management is aimed at saving all types of resources, reducing the costs of living and embodied labor at the junctions of the stages of commodity distribution. In a broad sense, the control effect of logistics on the process of movement of materials is to maintain the parameters of the material-conducting system within specified limits.

Thus, logistics ensures the formation of the product distribution process and its effective functioning by establishing the necessary economic connections between individual stages and participants logistics process and management of material flows.

Logistics as the science of managing material, information and other flows includes in its circle of interests a significant part of the sphere of economic life of society. In this regard, to formalize scientific research and practical developments, it is divided into several areas. Based on the scale of the problems being developed, logistics is divided into macrologistics and micrologistics.

The scope of macrologistics research includes processes that occur at the regional, interregional, national and interstate levels. Logistics at this level is expressed in the implementation of a global logistics strategy, which consists of the formation of sustainable trade and economic ties between individual countries and regions based on the territorial distribution of labor within the framework of established specialization and intersectoral cooperation.

The effectiveness of a global logistics strategy is characterized by various indicators. For example, the ratio of the volume of interregional or foreign trade to the volume of the corresponding gross product, the share of imported components in the total volume of production, etc.

A global logistics strategy, which is carried out not by one, but by a group of countries, can be formalized into the most important political decisions. A striking example of this is the creation of the EU with a single internal market (simplified and abolished customs formalities, accelerated implementation of pan-European standards, declared equality of firms and companies of member countries when receiving government contracts in each country of the union, etc.).

Micrologistics deals with a set of issues related to the management of material, information and other flows, based on the interests of an individual enterprise or a corporate group of enterprises united by common goals of optimizing economic relations.

Based on the nature of management areas, logistics is divided into external and internal. External logistics deals with the regulation of flow processes that go beyond the scope of activities, but are within the sphere of influence of the business entity. Internal logistics aims to coordinate and improve economic activity related to the management of streaming processes within an enterprise or corporate group of enterprises.

IN economic literature The most common principle for structuring logistics is the nature of economic activity. In accordance with this principle, the following types of logistics are distinguished:

1. Inventory logistics, acting as a buffer between production, transportation and sales. Inventories allow the entire chain to function productively. Products can be concentrated at the manufacturer or their storage can be close to the consumer. Inventory sizes must be optimal for the entire system. This will allow the structure to quickly respond to changes in demand and ensure uniform functioning of vehicles.

2. Transport logistics, which includes the transportation of products from the supplier to the consumers, from the organization to the warehouse, from one warehouse to another, from the warehouse to the consumer.

3. Warehouse logistics, including placement in a warehouse for the purpose of storing materials, packaging, warehouse processing, etc. Warehousing is inextricably linked with both raw materials and finished goods inventories.

4. Information logistics. The logistics system is managed using control and information subsystems that transmit orders, requirements for transportation, shipment, and maintain the required level of inventory.

5. Production logistics, ensuring cost reduction and focused on dynamic work with the maximum allowable production time cycle and order fulfillment times.

Logistics has its own conceptual apparatus, which includes its inherent categories, concepts, and terms.

Material flow. The concept of material flow is key in logistics. Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Material flow is a set of inventory items related to a time interval, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them.

The totality of resources of one name, located throughout the entire length from a specific source of production to the moment of consumption, forms an elementary material flow. The set of elementary flows formed at the enterprise constitutes an integral (general) material flow that ensures the normal functioning of the enterprise. The flow diagram of material flows is shown in Figure 1.

There are external and internal, incoming and outgoing material flows.

External material flow is a flow that flows in an environment external to a given logistics system.

Internal material flow is a flow that flows in the internal environment in relation to a given logistics system.

Incoming material flow is an external flow entering a given logistics system.

The outgoing material flow is the flow out into the external environment from a given logistics system.

Material flow management involves determining the parameters of the trajectory of materials, which include: name of material resources; amount of material resources; starting point (selecting a supplier); endpoint (consumer choice); time (order completion time).

Information flow is a set of things circulating within the logistics system, between it and external environment messages necessary to manage and control logistics operations.

The information flow corresponds to the material flow. In real logistics systems, material and information flows can partially outpace each other. The information flow can have the same direction as the material one (direct) and the opposite direction (counter). Advanced information flow in forward direction contains preliminary messages about the upcoming arrival of goods, and in the opposite direction - information about the order. Simultaneously with the material flow, information about the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the transferred resources comes in parallel with it. Following the material flow, information about the results of cargo acceptance, as well as claims and confirmations, can flow in the opposite direction.

A logistics operation is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and (or) information flow. Logistics operations with material flow include warehousing, transportation, packaging, etc. Logistics operations with information flow include actions for collecting, processing and transmitting relevant information.

There are external and internal logistics operations. External logistics operations include all activities in the field of supply and sales of finished products, and internal logistics operations include operations to manage material flow in production. In addition, logistics operations can be one-way or two-way, associated with the transfer of ownership of goods from one legal entity to another.

Logistics chain. The supplier and consumer of the material flow generally represent two micrologistics systems connected by the so-called logistics chain.

A logistics chain is a linearly ordered set of individuals and (or) legal entities carrying out logistics operations to conduct external material flow from one logistics system to another in the case of industrial consumption or to the final consumer in the case of personal non-productive consumption. The main links in the logistics chain are: suppliers of materials; warehouses; transport; distribution centers; goods manufacturers; consumers of products.

As with many other basic logistics concepts, there is no established definition of a logistics system.

The most common definition in the domestic literature reads: “A logistics system is an adaptive system with feedback that performs certain logistics operations and functions. It, as a rule, consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment.”

As a logistics system we can consider industrial enterprise, territorial production complex, trading enterprise, etc. The purpose of the logistics system is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the required quantity and assortment, prepared to the greatest possible extent for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs.

Foreign scientists and specialists in the field of logistics more often use the concept of “logistics chain or supply chain”, and the logistics system is interpreted as the process of “planning and coordinating all aspects of the physical movement of materials, components and finished products to minimize overall costs and ensure the desired level of service.”

From the standpoint of a systematic approach to business organization, the following definition can be given.

A logistics system is a relatively stable set of links (structural/functional divisions of the company, as well as suppliers, consumers and logistics intermediaries), interconnected and united by a single management of the corporate strategy of the business organization.

Using the concept of “logistics network” allows us to give a shorter definition. A logistics system is a combination of a logistics network and an administration system formed by a company to implement its logistics strategy (tactics).

Logistics management systems, like any system, in reality can be at different stages of development and differ in the degree of completeness of coverage of various components of production and sales.

Logistics systems are very diverse in terms of the scope of the enterprise’s activities (and in terms of understanding the modern Russian management). For some, logistics is simply the ability to work with databases; for others, it is supply or warehouse activities. But for its purpose (and its main purpose is to reduce costs, subject to the fulfillment of planned tasks, and therefore increase efficiency production activities) logistics systems should cover almost all (except accounting, personnel, etc.) areas of activity

1.2. Basics of the formation of logistics systems

The efficiency of organizing logistics at an enterprise depends on the formation of the enterprise's logistics system.

The use of a logistics system allows you to integrate various processes of the enterprise and organize internal processes with minimal costs while optimally adapting the internal environment of the company to external factors affecting its activities.

The process of forming an enterprise logistics system is complex, so it is advisable to divide it into several stages:

Stage 1 - determining the main aspects of the formation of the logistics system;

Stage 2 - taking into account the main factors in the formation of the logistics system;

Stage 3 - formation of the enterprise’s logistics system.

At the first stage, the process of forming an enterprise logistics system must be considered from several points of view. Logistics methods are known for their multidimensionality in practice, therefore, when forming an enterprise logistics system, you need to attach great importance to this.

It is necessary to form a logistics system for an enterprise from the point of view of major and minor aspects. The main aspects include: organizational, functional, informational. It is advisable to include the following minor aspects of the formation of an enterprise’s logistics system: personnel, financial. Taking into account all the above proposed aspects when forming an enterprise’s logistics system will ensure the versatility of logistics and confirm its universality as a science in practice. The result of this approach will be flexibility, mobility of the system, and most importantly, its successful operation in the future. Having determined all aspects of the formation of the enterprise’s logistics system, you can move on to the second stage of its formation. The basis of this stage is taking into account the main factors in the formation of the logistics system.

The main factors in the formation of an enterprise logistics system should be:

Enterprise mission;

Enterprise strategy;

Risks of the enterprise's activities;

Factors of the external environment of the enterprise;

Components of the functioning of logistics at an enterprise;

Components of logistics organization at an enterprise.

Let us consider a detailed description of the main factors in the formation of a logistics system at an enterprise. The mission of an enterprise is a clearly defined reason for the existence of a particular enterprise. As a rule, the mission modern enterprise can be considered the production of products or provision of services to satisfy market demands and make a profit. It provides general guidelines for the functioning of an enterprise and its place in a certain area of ​​business. Based on the mission of the enterprise, the goals of conducting business activities are formulated. The mission of the enterprise has a huge influence on the formation of the logistics system. There must be a clear relationship between these elements. The logistics system should be formed in the same direction as the mission and goals of the enterprise.

This will help:

2) identify actions and decisions that impede the effective conduct of business activities;

3) will ensure the implementation of mutually compatible (synergistic) functions of the logistics system;

4) will ensure correction of the functioning of the logistics system over time, since all goals of the enterprise’s mission have a short-, medium- or long-term forecast period. The enterprise strategy is related to the activities of the enterprise as a whole and is aimed at fulfilling its main mission. In the process of its implementation, material, labor, information, and financial resources are used. Therefore, the connection between the processes of formation and functioning of the logistics system and the enterprise strategy is obvious. The main components of the functioning of logistics must be considered in the context of its main functions.

The main components of the functioning of logistics are supply, production, marketing, sales, warehousing, transport, and personnel. Delivery ensures the flow of material into the logistics system.

Manufacturing is a process aimed at converting raw materials and materials into finished products. It includes the management of material flows at the production stage. Inventories allow you to optimize the functioning of the entire system and play an important role in the stages of exchange between supply, production, transportation and sales.

Marketing is the identification of consumer requirements and preferences. In other words, this process can be characterized as market research.

Sales are processes aimed at bringing finished products to consumers.

Warehouses are special buildings and devices designed for receiving, placing, servicing and storing raw materials and finished products.

Under transport sector means vehicles and the material and technical base with the help of which transport processes are implemented within the producer-consumer framework.

Personnel - personnel organized in a certain way, managing logistics, logistics operations and implementing logistics tasks to achieve logistics goals.

All components of the functioning of logistics are one of the factors in the formation of the enterprise’s logistics system. Material flow passes through each of the listed functional components of logistics. During this process, a gradual transformation of the material flow occurs at various stages of its movement under the influence of other logistics flows and functions. All processes occurring in these components must be logically structured, and the basis of their functioning should be maximum interaction between themselves and other factors in the formation of the logistics system. Logistics at the enterprise should act as a buffer for interaction. This operating principle will ensure effective management of logistics flows at any stage of their movement in any functional area of ​​logistics. Another factor in the formation of a logistics system is the components of the logistics organization at the enterprise.

It is difficult to imagine the commercial processes of a modern enterprise without computers and other information, electronic, and technical means. In logistics it is known that of all logistics flows, it is the information flow that underlies the transformation processes of all other logistics flows. Therefore, the formation of an enterprise logistics system without a logistics information system is ineffective.

Management of the logistics system, like any other economic system, should be carried out on the basis of well-known basic principles of management in the economy.

We believe that it is quite advisable to apply the basic functions of management to manage the enterprise’s logistics system and organize its main processes.

The mission of the enterprise, the strategy of the enterprise, the components of the functioning of logistics and the components of the organization of logistics at the enterprise are factors in the internal environment of the formation of the logistics system of the enterprise and the enterprise, as a rule, can influence their progress. In our opinion, the factors in the formation of an enterprise’s logistics system related to the external environment include the logistics risks of the enterprise’s activities and the processes of the enterprise’s external environment that affect its activities. The enterprise cannot influence these factors, but they directly or indirectly affect its activities. The processes of the external environment of an enterprise that influence its activities can be divided into two categories: processes of direct impact and processes of indirect impact, which in turn are divided into groups. Direct impact processes include consumers, suppliers, intermediaries, competitors, contact audiences, and other market entities. The processes of indirect impact include economic, political, legislative, scientific, demographic, socio-cultural, technical, technological, natural resource and environmental processes. The magnitude of the influence of a particular factor is determined depending on the operating conditions of a particular enterprise: its scope of activity, size, location, scale of action, etc. The logistics system in the process of its operation is influenced by certain risks that can change the the worst side its final result. Therefore, when forming a logistics system, in order to avoid unforeseen circumstances, it is necessary to take this into account.

The main types of logistics risks, as we see, are the risks of low qualifications of personnel (human factor), commercial, social, technical, economic, and natural risks. Taking risks into account when forming an enterprise’s logistics system is mandatory. In modern business conditions, which can vary significantly over short periods of time, the enterprise must have reserve resources, additional development options and possible ways to adjust the mission, main goals and strategy of the enterprise in case of any risk. The last, final stage in the formation of an enterprise logistics system is precisely the formation of the system. Logistics, as a new science, has its own specific organizational features practical activities. In order for the logistics system to function effectively, the process of its formation must be based on a systematic approach, taking into account the aspects and factors of its formation developed above. The systematic approach is based on the principle of a consistent transition from the general to the specific. This approach to forming a system will ensure a smooth and conflict-free transition from one functional area of ​​logistics to the next.

The structural and organizational model of the formation of a logistics system covers a significant list of structural units of the enterprise and structural units of the functioning of the market, in this case it is its elements or subsystems.

It is advisable to include the following structural units of the enterprise: supply department; marketing department; sales department; wholesale warehouse or distribution center; transportation department; logistics Department.

The structural units of market functioning must include: producers; intermediaries, transport and forwarding organizations; consumers.

In practical activities, the integration of these elements forms the enterprise logistics system. Each of the elements has its own structure and operates according to its own organizational principles. The relationship of all elements is close and inverse, which makes it difficult to isolate each of the structures separately. This approach to the formation of an enterprise logistics system ensures its flexibility. The flexibility of an enterprise's logistics system is determined by its ability to quickly respond to changes in the micro and macro environment.

The formation of an enterprise logistics system should be carried out through coordination and synchronization of the functional areas of logistics: supply, production, sales, transport, warehousing and external factors affecting the activities of the enterprise. Ignoring some factors will lead to conflict in the functional areas of the system, negative consequences in the process of planning and forecasting.

The essence of the functioning of the structural and organizational model of the logistics system is to orient the development of the enterprise in those directions that correspond to its interests and opportunities for organizational and economic development, increasing operational efficiency and competitiveness through the formation of economic potential.

The formation of an enterprise logistics system will ensure smooth transition from one internal production process to the next, this is a universal tool for increasing competitiveness, with which you can eliminate obstacles to the formation of an internal production commodity-information-financial system for a specific enterprise and optimally adapt it to external macroeconomic systems.

Due to the formation of the enterprise’s logistics system, the quality and productivity of workers’ labor increases, which indicates the motivational properties of logistics for personnel. The functioning of the logistics system allows you to combine all the internal processes of the enterprise into a single whole, coordinate their activities for optimization and conflict-free link them with processes occurring in the external environment in order to obtain maximum profit.

Also, the implementation of logistics processes and operations requires centralized management, and management requires periodic optimization under changing conditions of the enterprise or the external environment.

To optimize logistics management, integration should be provided:

planning logistics operations with planning the activities of the entire enterprise;

logistics operations with other operations carried out by the enterprise;

information technologies used in the field of logistics with information technologies of the entire enterprise;

information technologies with partner companies.

The objectives of optimizing logistics management are control, analysis and reduction of distribution costs, including:

transportation cost various types transport;

the cost of loading from senders, unloading from recipients and possible transshipments along the route;

storage costs directly related to transportation in connection with transshipment, bundling or processing of cargo along the route;

expenses associated with the presence of cargo and goods in transit, their unproductive storage during delivery (interest on capital, damage, loss, theft of cargo);

costs of forming and maintaining inventories at trading and intermediary companies;

“scarcity costs” associated with a shortage at certain points in some links sales network of certain goods, with inability to manage inventories, with crisis phenomena in the economy;

expenses for packaging, labeling, documentation;

expenses for cargo insurance, freight forwarding operations, icebreaker assistance, cargo fees;

labor costs for the number of goods received per shift, etc.;

administrative expenses and some other types of costs.

Quality control of the organization of unloading and acceptance:

assessment of accuracy and precision in performing operations;

assessment of the nature and typicality of errors in work.

Control of the logistics operations management process:

assessment of the clarity and productivity of the organization of daily work;

assessing the staff's ability to identify problems and solve them.

The acceleration of the movement of commodity flows is determined by the acceleration of the processing of goods and documents at all technological stages. For example, they try to “straighten” the routes for moving goods in the horizontal and vertical directions - this reduces the time of movement.

Dispatchers provide operational regulation of all operations - unloading work, registration of receiving documents.

Technological maps - detailed description sequence and methods of performing operations and a list of documents drawn up in the course of work on the basis of relevant instructions and regulatory documents. They are designed for the efficient use of labor tools and work force, eliminating errors when performing operations.

They are developed for individual stages of processing (reception, placement, storage, selection of goods, etc.) in relation to the functions of individual specialists or groups (teams) of specialists - drivers of lifting and transport machines, selectors, packers, etc.

Technological processes must be clearly organized - they plan the timing and volumes of receipt and release of goods, the use of working time, warehouse space and funds.

Material handling schedules, goods arrival schedules, expedition schedules, etc. help plan the loading of people and operations during certain periods.

Network planning using network models and graphs, which are a graphical sequential representation of operations with calculated parameters and deadlines, helps to coordinate the pace of execution of many operations to obtain the required result within the desired time frame - for example, selecting and packaging a large batch of goods to load an entire train or sea vessel .

The timing of the movement of goods and document flow is proportional to the number of stock items and the number of accounting transactions between various structural units that are necessary to track the movement of goods and prepare the necessary documentation.

Logistics audit, process modeling, business process reengineering, personnel training, lean technologies, process standardization, dispatching are used as means of optimizing technological processes. technological maps, network diagrams, operational planning, as well as technical means: computer systems, radio communication systems and other office equipment.

1.3. Rationalization of logistics systems of large enterprises

The study and application of logistics is based on understanding the basic idea of ​​the logistics approach. Activities to manage material flows, as well as production, trade and other types of economic activities, have been carried out by man since the earliest periods of his economic development. The novelty of logistics lies, first of all, in the change of priorities between different types of economic activities in favor of increasing the importance of material flow management activities. Only relatively recently has humanity realized the potential for increasing efficiency that rationalization of flow processes in the economy has.

The system of views on improving business activities by rationalizing the management of material flows is the concept of logistics. Let us characterize its main provisions.

Implementation of the principle of a systems approach. Material flows in the economy result from the actions of many participants, each of whom actually pursues his own goal. If the participants can coordinate their activities in order to rationalize the joint management object - end-to-end material flow, then they will all together receive a significant economic gain.

Rationalization of material flow is possible within one enterprise or even its division. However, the maximum effect can be obtained only by optimizing the total material flow all the way from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer, or individual significant sections of it.

At the same time, all links of the material supply chain, that is, all elements of macrologistics and micrologistics systems, must work as a single well-coordinated mechanism.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to approach the choice of equipment from a systematic position, the design of interconnected technological processes in various areas of the movement of materials, the issues of reconciling often conflicting economic interests, and other issues related to the organization of material flows.

Accounting for logistics costs throughout the entire supply chain. One of the main tasks of logistics is managing the costs of bringing material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer. However, costs can only be managed if they can be measured accurately. Therefore, systems for accounting for production costs and circulation of participants in logistics processes should highlight the costs that arise in the process of implementing logistics functions, generate information about the most significant costs, as well as the nature of their interaction with each other. If this condition is met, it becomes possible to use an important criterion optimal option logistics system - minimum total costs throughout the entire supply chain.

Refusal to produce universal technological and handling equipment. Use of equipment suited primarily to specific conditions. Optimization of flow processes through the use of equipment that meets specific operating conditions is possible only in conditions of mass production and the use of a wide range of various production means. In other words, in order to apply a logistics approach to managing material flows, society must have a sufficiently high level of scientific and technological development.

Humanization of technological processes, creation modern conditions labor. One of the significant elements of logistics systems is personnel. However, work in the field of material flow management is traditionally not prestigious, which explains the presence of the “eternal” personnel problem in it. The logistics approach, enhancing the social significance of activities in the field of material flow management, creates objective prerequisites for attracting personnel with higher labor potential. At the same time, if there are no modern working conditions and career prospects, then there will be no disciplined, capable, qualified personnel, which means the “personnel” element in the logistics system will be a so-called “bottleneck.”

A niche in the market can be filled by: increasing the quality of the product; releasing new product; increasing the level of logistics service.

The use of the first two strategies is objectively limited by the need for large capital investments. The third way is much cheaper. Therefore, an increasing number of entrepreneurs are turning to logistics services as a means of increasing competitiveness.

The ability of logistics systems to adapt in conditions of environmental uncertainty. Appearance large quantity variety of goods and services increases the degree of uncertainty in demand for them, causing sharp fluctuations in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of material flows passing through logistics systems. In these conditions, the ability of logistics systems to adapt to changes in the external environment is a significant factor in a stable position in the market.

In solving the problems posed to logistics by today's economic reality, this science uses a large arsenal of methods and algorithms borrowed from other scientific disciplines, which once again emphasizes its interdisciplinary and integrated nature. These methods include:

Fundamental provisions of a systematic approach to solving logistics problems.

Implementation of the principles of cybernetics - when creating logistics systems at enterprises.

A wide range of statistical tools - when analyzing supplier markets and determining the need for material resources (regression analysis of demand and market trends).

Tools of economic and mathematical methods - for solving problems of process optimization (methods of linear programming, operations research, queuing theory).

Rationalization of the logistics system is especially important for large enterprises. For example, the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant ships its products both to regions of Russia and to many countries around the world. These include: Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Israel, Iran, Poland, Finland and a number of others. The plant ships the main volume of products to the regions of Russia - 76 percent, for export to non-CIS countries - 21 percent and to the CIS republics - 3 percent of the total volume of products.

A feature of the logistics system of a large enterprise is the change in its state under the influence of control and disturbing influences. Always exists a certain amount of states from which the preferred one is selected.

Product inventory levels at a fixed interval between orders. In the logistics system, the choice of optimal tactics for ordering material resources is of great importance. In the logistics system, the number of orders and volume warehouse stocks determine decision-making regarding the number of consumers served.

In the logistics system, both with horizontal and vertical integration, constant interaction and feedback between spheres and levels are necessary. This is the most important determining condition for the effectiveness of the processes of development and implementation of management and executive decisions.

Also, to rationalize the logistics process of a large enterprise, information logistics systems are used.

To create an information logistics system at the production level, it is necessary to form a model of such a system. Traditionally, in the practice of Western companies, the search for ways to rationalize logistics is limited mainly to the physical level of the enterprise. Technical means of organizing material flow related to efficiency and economic survival are analyzed and, if necessary, they are modernized. The resulting potential savings are usually small, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. Here, for example, a small number of vehicles are mainly used inside and outside enterprises, and it is very difficult to actually improve the existing storage facilities. One way out is to use a logistics approach to creating a model, and then a real system for organizing information flow at an enterprise taken as a single whole. This requires a sufficient amount of detailed data, which can only be obtained using an integrated logistics information system.

The information system here is an essential component of the logistics structure, connecting it together and serving to coordinate supplies, production and sales. The essence of the supply coordination system lies, firstly, in dividing physical flows into independent periods of transportation and storage, and secondly, in preparing information about the phase and state of the flow in real time. Information logistics fits well within the framework of computer technology.

Thus, we can conclude that when choosing ways to rationalize the logistics system, it is necessary to take into account the size of the enterprise.

List of used literature

1. Alekseev Yu.S., Pustynnikova E.V. Basic concepts of logistics: Tutorial for higher education students educational institutions. Ulyanovsk: UlGU. Institute of Economics and Business, - 2011.- 60 p.

2. Alesinskaya T.V. Basics of logistics. General issues of logistics management, Textbook. Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2010. – 79 p.

3. Anikin B. A., Fedorov L. S., Naimark Yu. Yu. - Logistics - M.: INFRA-M, - 2009. - 327 p.

4. Dzikovich N.G. International transport operations and logistics. Lecture course. Minsk, 2010. – 65 p.

5. Volgin V.V. Logistics, management, analysis. Publisher: Dashkov and Co., 2009. - 734 p.

6. Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics, 20th ed. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co.", - 2012. - 484 p.

8. Kozlovsky V. A., Kozlovskaya E. A., Savrukov N. T. Logistics management: Textbook. 20th ed., add. St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2011.

9. Logistics: Textbook / Edited by B. A. Anikin - M.: INFRA-M, 2011.

10. Logistics system. Technical Dictionary. Volume I

11. Mate E. Material and technical support for the activities of the enterprise / E. Mate, D. Tisquier (translated from French). - M.: Progress, 1993. - 16 p.

12. Organisation management. Study guide for preparing the final interdisciplinary exam vocational training marketer/T.V. Alesinskaya, L.N. Deineka, A.N. Proklin, L.V. Fomenko and others; Under the general editorship. V.E. Lankin. - Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2009. - 241 p.

13. Mirotin, L.B. Application of the concept of logistics in business // Logistics and business / L.B. Mirotin [and others]. - M.: Brandes, 2009. – 214 p.

14. Nerush Yu. M. Logistics: Textbook for universities. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: UNITY-DANA, 2009.

15. Nikolaychuk V.E. Logistics. Tutorial. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010 – 160 p.

17. Serbin V.D. Basics of logistics. Tutorial. Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2010. – 39 p.

18. Filonov N.G. Logistics: Textbook. Tomsk: Tomsk Pedagogical University Publishing House, - 2009. - 250 p.

19. Shcherbakova T.S. Logistics. Textbook, M., RISRUDN, - 2010, 258 p.

When forming a logistics flow management system, it is necessary to be based on five fundamental principles of management theory and three additional principles inherent in logistics systems: flexibility of the logistics design sequence; constant coordination at all links of the logistics chain of information, energy, resource and other characteristics of systems; the principle of unity of goals of the entire system and its individual subsystems (modules) (see subparagraph 1.1.1).

To form logistics systems, a systematic approach is used, which, in addition to the methodology already described above, has a number of advantages compared to the classical (inductive) approach, when the system is formed from components by their functional merging. With a systems approach, the formation is based on the ultimate goal for which the system is created. The sequence of system formation when applying the approach under consideration is presented in Fig. 1.8. There are several stages in this sequence.

Rice. 1.8.

First stage. The goals (Ts) of the system’s functioning are determined and formulated.

Second phase. Based on an analysis of the purpose of the system’s operation and the limitations of the external environment, the requirements T1, ..., Ti that the system must satisfy are determined.

Third stage. Based on these requirements, some subsystems with their own subgoals Ts1, ..., Tsj are formed (tentatively).

Fourth stage. The most difficult stage of system synthesis: analysis various options and selection of subsystems, organizing them into a single system. In this case, selection criteria are used. In logistics, one of the main methods for synthesizing systems is modeling.

The functioning of logistics systems is characterized by the presence of complex stochastic relationships both within these systems and in their relations with environment. Under these conditions, making private decisions without taking into account the general goals of the system’s functioning and the requirements placed on it may turn out to be insufficient, and possibly erroneous.

As an example, let's look at the flow chart of granulated sugar from the manufacturing plant to the stores. The management of the plant, without coordination with the wholesale and retail levels, decided to introduce equipment for packaging granulated sugar in paper bags. The question arises: how will the entire commodity distribution system, adapted to transport, store and perform other technological operations with granulated sugar packed in bags, perceive this innovation? It is possible that there will be a malfunction in its operation.

In accordance with the requirements of systemic and logistics approaches, the decision on the packaging of granulated sugar at the manufacturing plant must be made in mutual connection with the decisions of other links, the common goal of which is to optimize the total material flow.

In another example of the organization of material and supporting information and energy flows, the participants in the commodity distribution process are: a wholesale base, transport departments and a network of serviced grocery stores. The logistics approach considers the “centralized delivery” option.

The centralized delivery option is characterized by the following features:

• – a single body is created in the logistics system, the purpose of which is to optimize the total material and supply flows. For example, in a consumer union, to organize centralized delivery, a working group is created, which includes heads of motor transport, wholesale and retail enterprises. The organizational leadership of the working group is entrusted to the deputy chairman of the board of the Consumer Union. If there is a management information system, then the optimization of flows is carried out by the logistics group;
• – historically established technological processes at enterprises participating in the logistics process are adjusted in accordance with the requirements of the optimal organization of the total material and supporting flows;
• – schemes for the delivery of goods to stores are developed, rational sizes of delivery lots and the frequency of delivery are determined;
• – optimal routes and schedules for the delivery of goods to stores are developed;
• – a fleet of specialized vehicles is created, and a number of other measures are carried out to optimize the total material and supply flows.

An analysis of the characteristic features of the second option for organizing material flow shows that for the centralized delivery of goods, participants in the logistics process are given the common goal of forming a logistics system that ensures the rational organization of total material and supporting flows. The requirements they must satisfy are studied. Options for their organization are generated, and the best one is selected according to special criteria. This option is the simplest example of a systematic approach to the formation of a logistics system that ensures the passage of total material and supporting flows through the chain:

Such a systematic approach to retail goods supply trading network allows:

• – increase the degree of use of transport, warehouse and retail space the entire material and technical base;
• – optimize inventory and batch sizes for all participants in the logistics process;
• – improve the quality and level of logistics services.

For manufacturing enterprise The diagram of the logistics structure for managing the material flow and the flows of purchasing, production and distribution logistics that support it, carrying out the end-to-end material flow, is presented in Fig. 1.9.

Rice. 1.9.

It should be noted here that there is no clear distribution of the boundaries of logistics, since each of them is integrated with neighboring ones and provides certain functions of an advanced or, if necessary, lagging, and sometimes counter-directed nature. This is also a logistics approach that ensures rationalization of flow characteristics.

The promotion of material and supply flows is currently carried out by qualified personnel using a variety of equipment: information systems control and built-in modules of logistics systems and complexes, vehicles, loading and unloading devices, etc. Various buildings and structures are involved in the logistics process; the progress of the process significantly depends on the degree of preparedness for it, the goods themselves moving and periodically accumulated in stocks. The totality of productive forces that ensure the passage of goods, better or worse, is always somehow organized. Essentially, if there are material flows, then there is always some kind of material-conducting system. This kind of system is specially designed or arises as a result of the activities of individual elements various enterprises or divisions of one enterprise.

Logistics poses and solves the problem of designing harmonious, coordinated material-conducting (logistics) systems with given parameters of material and other output flows. These systems are distinguished by a high degree of coordination of the productive forces included in them in order to manage end-to-end material flows.

It is possible to characterize the properties of logistics systems that manifest themselves during the implementation of previously imposed requirements on them.

The properties of integrity and articulation of the logistics system are manifested primarily in the integral set of interacting elements. The decomposition of logistics systems into elements can be carried out in different ways. Using the example of a macrologistics control system, when a material flow passes from one supplier to a consumer, both the supplier and the consumer, as well as the transport connecting them, can be considered as elements (Fig. 1.10).

Rice. 1.10.

At the micro level, the logistics system can be presented in the form of the following main subsystems:

• procurement is a subsystem that ensures the flow of material into the logistics system;
• production planning and management - this subsystem receives the material flow from the procurement subsystem and manages it in the process of performing various technological operations that transform an object of labor into a product of labor;
• sales is a subsystem that ensures the disposal of material and supply flows from the logistics system (Fig. 1.11).

Rice. 1.11.

In existing flow management practice, macro-logistics and micro-logistics systems are usually built into either CALS technology systems or an enterprise management information system. At the same time, they usually play the role of subsystems with logistics functions, which have their own information base data (DB) and its own information processing system.

Elements of logistics systems are of different quality, but at the same time compatible. Compatibility is ensured by the unity of purpose to which the functioning of logistics systems is subordinated. The properties of the connections between the elements of the logistics system naturally determine the integrative qualities and are manifested in information interaction. In macrologistic systems, the basis of the connection between elements is the contract and its Information support. In micrologistics systems, elements are connected by intra-production relations, but also have informational in nature. The property of the organizational structure also realizes the connections between the elements of the logistics system in a certain orderly manner, showing its systemic nature.

At the same time, the property of a logistics system to exhibit integrative qualities characterizes the system as a living organization that creates new functionality. This is the ability to deliver the right product at the right time, in the right place, of the required quality, at minimal cost, as well as the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (changes in demand for goods or services, unexpected failure of technical equipment, etc.). The integrative qualities of the logistics system allow it to purchase materials, pass them through its production facilities and release them to the external environment, while achieving predetermined goals.

A logistics system that can respond to emerging demand by quickly delivering the right product can be compared to a living organism. The muscles of this organism are lifting and transport equipment, and the central nervous system is a network of computers at the workplaces of participants in the logistics process, organized into a single information system. This organism is able to adapt, adapt to disturbances in the external environment, and respond to it at the same pace at which events occur.

Thus, logistics system – This is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics functions. As a rule, it consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment (Fig. 1.12). An industrial enterprise, a territorial production complex, a trading enterprise (etc.) together with information and energy support systems can be considered as a logistics system. The goal of such a logistics system is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the required quantity and assortment, to the greatest possible extent, prepared for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs.

Rice. 1.12.

The boundaries of the logistics system are determined by the circulation cycle of the means of production. First, means of production and financial resources F1 are purchased. They, in the form of a material flow VP1, enter the logistics system, are stored, processed, re-stored and then leave the system for consumption in the form of a flow VP2 for financial resources entering the logistics system from consumer F2.

The identification of the boundaries of the logistics system on the basis of the circulation cycle of means of production is called the principle of “paying money - receiving money” (see Fig. 1.12).

The efficiency of such a system is determined by the relation financial resources F2 and F1 in such a way that if F2 >> F1 then the quality indicators of VP2 are better than the indicators of VP1.

Logistics systems can be divided into macro- and micrologistics.

Macrological system is a large system for managing material and supply flows, covering enterprises and industrial organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations various departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. The macrologistic system represents a certain infrastructure of the economy of a region, country or group of countries.

When forming a macrologistics system covering different countries, it is necessary to overcome difficulties associated with the legal and economic features of international economic relations, with unequal conditions for the supply of goods, differences in the transport legislation of countries, as well as a number of other barriers. The formation of macro-logistics systems in interstate programs requires the creation of a single information, logistics and economic space, a single market without internal borders, customs obstacles in the transportation of goods, capital, information, and labor resources.

Micrologistics systems are subsystems, structural components of macro-logistics management systems or CALS technology systems or information systems. These include various production and trading enterprises, territorial production complexes provided with a management system. Micrologistics systems are a class of intra-production logistics systems, which include technologically related production units united by a single infrastructure.

Within the framework of macrologistics, connections between individual micrologistics systems are established on the basis of commodity-money relations. Subsystems also function within the micrologistics system. However, the basis of their interactions is non-commodity, mostly with information and energy logistics. These are separate divisions within a company or associations of another economic system, working for a single economic result.

At the level of macrologistics, there are three types of logistics systems with unidirectional flows and three varieties of them with feedback(Fig. 1.13):

• – logistics systems with direct connections. In these logistics systems, the material flow passes directly from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer, bypassing intermediaries (Fig. 1.13, A And b);
• – layered logistics systems. In such systems, there is at least one intermediary on the path of material flow (Fig. 1.13, V and d);
• – flexible logistics systems. Here, the movement of material flow from the manufacturer of a product to its consumer can be carried out either directly or through intermediaries (Fig. 1.13, d And e).

Analysis of logistics systems is a procedure for developing, justifying and making decisions in the process of research and formation of logistics systems of enterprises. The essence of the analysis is to turn the complex into simple, that is, to turn a difficult-to-understand logistics problem into a series of tasks that have solution methods, to find effective means of managing complex logistics objects.

The procedure for studying the logistics system:

the logistics system is divided into its component elements in order to highlight tasks that are more accessible to solution;

the most appropriate special methods are selected and applied to solve individual problems;

particular solutions are combined in such a way that it is possible to construct common decision global task of the logistics system.

The main tasks solved when analyzing logistics systems:

correctly and clearly describe the logistics system;

collect data about a specific logistics system;

identify the purpose of the element that solves the logistics problem in order to determine its composition, methods, forms and methods of interaction with other elements of the logistics system;

formulate the main goals of creating and developing a logistics system;

establish the degree of relationship between the goals of the logistics system and the means of achieving them;

develop several options for the development of the logistics system under the influence of various factors of the internal and external environment;

choose the optimal course for the development of the logistics system;

develop a logistics system development program;

check the effectiveness of interaction between elements of the logistics system, identify and eliminate bottlenecks;

identify the effectiveness of enterprise management organization, functions and structure of management bodies;

develop specific indicators of the functioning of the logistics system.

The need for analysis of logistics systems arises in the following cases:

when solving logistics problems:

when it is determined what specialists in the logistics service and other functional departments of the enterprise need to know and understand;

when it is necessary to link the goal of the logistics system with multiple means of achieving it;

when elements of the logistics system have extensive connections that can cause long-term consequences in various parts of the supply chain, and decisions on them require taking into account the total costs of the product supply chain;

when there are difficult to compare options for decisions or achieving a set of goals;

when forming new logistics systems;

when carrying out business improvement activities;

when making strategic decisions in the field of logistics, taking into account factors of uncertainty and risk;

when developing responsible decisions for the long term (15-20 years);

when developing optimality criteria taking into account the goals of development and functioning of the enterprise’s logistics system.

In other words, the need to analyze logistics systems arises when you want a lot, but the possibilities and means are limited. Under these conditions, it is important to streamline the procedure for determining goals - to clarify their priorities and hierarchy. Analysis of logistics systems is used, in particular, to solve global problems in the field of logistics associated with the activities of large groups of people and with significant expenditures of enterprise resources.

System analysis in relation to logistics is a methodology for the perception or ordering (structuring) of the logistics system. A logistics specialist first records only visible structures, and then, by analyzing and transforming the logistics system, identifies hidden structures that determine the new quality of the system.

A universal means of system analysis methodologies is the clear identification of structural elements in the process of studying logistics systems. These include:

• goal or set (complex) of goals of the logistics system;

  options for achieving the chosen goal;

  required resources;

  mathematical and logical models reflecting the system of connections between goals, alternative means of achieving them, the external environment and resource requirements;

  criterion for choosing the most preferable option. Using this criterion, goals and logistics costs are compared, for example, achieving the goal of a logistics system with a certain planned or predetermined budget of resource costs.

The structure of logistics systems is distinguished according to the following characteristics:

• purpose (function);

  quality;

  reliability;

  efficiency;

• layout;

  degree of duplication;

  efficiency;

  effectiveness;

  complexity;

• organization.

Structuring the logistics system is aimed at clarifying:

real goals for the functioning of the logistics system;

ways to achieve these goals;

relationships between elements of the logistics system;

limitations and consequences of one or another option (course) of action.

Structuring contributes to an in-depth understanding of the external conditions in which the logistics problem occurs.

Depending on the level of structuring, three classes of logistics systems are distinguished:

well structured, or quantitatively formulated;

unstructured, or qualitatively expressed;

loosely structured, or mixed, containing qualitative and quantitative indicators.

Kaliningrad State Technical University

Faculty of Economics

Department of Production Management

_____________________ ­­­­___________________

date, signature date, signature

Course work

in the discipline "Logistics"

subject: “Design of a logistics system using the example of RollTex LLC”

I've done the work

student of group 04-EU-1

Golovanov A.A.

I checked the work:

Parshina L.P.

Kaliningrad

Introduction

In conditions of increased competition, among the measures by which it is possible to rationalize production and improve its technology, one should highlight the reduction of time for the passage of products and stocks in workshops and warehouses. The production management systems used today for this purpose do not always meet market requirements. Their main disadvantages include:

Too large deviations of budget planning from the real state of affairs, despite the significant costs of electronic data processing and the system as a whole;

Lack of ability to effectively influence productivity, cycle times and required inventory levels;

Insufficient freedom of action for planning structures and planning-related employees.

Currently, market requirements for product parameters, and, above all, for their quality, have increased significantly. This happened due to the predominance of supply over demand, the presence of excess production capacity, etc. It follows that success in competition can be achieved by those who have structured their production in the most rational way, so that their economic indicators are at optimal level. This goal is achieved, among other measures, by:

a) reducing costs associated with the creation and storage of inventories;

b) reducing delivery time;

c) stricter adherence to delivery deadlines;

d) increasing the flexibility of production, its adaptability to market conditions;

e) improving the quality of products;

e) increasing productivity.

IN last years There has been a marked improvement in production methods, which has reduced production costs. Further cost savings, as noted above, can be achieved if the reserves inherent in the rationalization of supporting processes are realized.

Specifically, in this work, the analytical emphasis will be placed on the inventory management system at the RollTex LLC enterprise.

As shown Foreign experience, in industrialized countries effective time processing of the part is a maximum of 20% of the cycle time. This indicates that the part remains in semi-finished form for a very long time in production and leads to the creation of large inventories, and, accordingly, an increase in costs for them. Research conducted in a number of Western countries suggests that the expected profit from each percentage reduction in inventory levels can be equated to a 10% increase in turnover. From this it follows that production and the inventory system become interdependent. Analyzing the system of production orders, many companies began to proceed from the method of integrated regulation, which allows harmoniously connecting all the links and balancing the volumes of production and inventories. The above justifies the relevance of the problem of optimizing inventories at an enterprise within the framework of the work of the logistics department.

The work gives a brief description of the RollTex LLC enterprise and shows the dynamics of its main technical and economic indicators. Then, along with a small theoretical block, a description of the logistics system operating at the enterprise is given. The third chapter of the work is devoted to the analysis of ways to optimize the inventory management system at the enterprise under study.

Chapter 1. Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise under study.

1.1. General information.

RollTex company is a leading Russian enterprise development and release technological equipment for light and textile industry: spreading tables, cutting end rulers, spreading carriages, measuring and grading machines, measuring twinning machines. RollTex equipment successfully operates in textile and clothing enterprises, in factories producing upholstered furniture, from suppliers of fabrics for clothing, furniture and curtains groups.

The company traces its history back to 1997, when in Kaliningrad, in a small workshop, the first machine for rewinding, quality control and measuring the length of fabric was developed and manufactured. Today, RollTex is a successful, dynamically developing enterprise that produces more than 22 pieces of equipment per year of various complexity classes. Moreover, these are both mass-produced and non-standard machines.

In the process of designing and manufacturing RollTex TM equipment, the company’s specialists always take into account the individual wishes of customers, thanks to which many interesting projects have been successfully implemented. Some special models, which were designed according to customer specifications, were included in mass production. Other machines exist in one or two copies and are maximally adapted to the technological processes of specific enterprises.

All documentation is developed by the Design Bureau of the RollTex company using automatic design tools. The use of modern proven technical solutions in the design allows us to produce high-quality and reliable machines of various classes of complexity. Specialists of the Design Bureau are constantly searching for more and more advanced technical solutions that increase the productivity of manufactured equipment.

Important advantages of RollTex TM equipment: high ergonomics, quiet operation, color range of machines, functionality of equipment controls, economic payback and low operating costs. It was revealed that the maximum payback period for the equipment of the RollTex company lies within 8-11 months for organizations working with materials costing from 12 USD. per meter and above. For organizations working with materials costing up to 12 USD. per meter, the payback period is 10-18 months, taking into account work in one shift.

Low costs during operation are created due to the use of fewer human resources when working on machines, low power consumption of machines, and minimal use of production space.

Over a ten-year period of activity, the RollTex company has established and built business relationship not only with the best domestic, but also with foreign components suppliers around the world: from Osaka in Japan to Manchester in the UK. This made it possible to find ideal solutions for the introduction of advanced technologies in the production of equipment that ensure high quality manufacturing and durability. This is confirmed by the high demand from consumers for RollTex products.

Proximity to clients instills trust and confidence on their part. In addition to the standard warranty conditions, RollTex offers service packages for expansion and extension technical support. Additional maintenance services can significantly reduce the recovery time of equipment and minimize losses from equipment downtime.

RollTex specialists constantly study the organization of technological production processes in textile, clothing and furniture factories, and get acquainted with how the work of the wholesale warehouse of fabric suppliers is organized. Therefore, the company develops and offers its clients only equipment that will be in demand for its intended purpose and technical characteristics and will fully satisfy all the client’s needs.

The mission of the RollTex company is to increase the customer's profit by supplying him with high-quality and efficient equipment. Providing appropriate service. Cooperate with textile and light industry enterprises on Russian market so that the company gains an international reputation for quality, price and service.

1.2. Dynamics of the main performance indicators of the enterprise.

To summarize the efficiency and intensity of use of fixed assets, the following indicators are used:

1) capital profitability (the ratio of profit from core activities to the average annual cost of fixed assets);

2) capital productivity of fixed assets production assets(the ratio of the cost of manufactured products to the average annual cost of fixed assets);

3) capital intensity (the ratio of the average annual cost of open pension funds to the cost of manufactured products for the reporting period.

The most general indicator of the efficiency of using fixed assets is capital profitability. Its level depends not only on capital productivity, but also on the profitability of products.

Let us analyze the above indicators in order to determine how various factors influenced the change in capital profitability and capital productivity.

Table 1

Initial information for the analysis of capital profitability and capital productivity of the RollTex LLC enterprise for 2006-2007.

According to Table 1, we see that profit during 2006-2007. increased by 7,819.2 thousand rubles, which is directly related to a significant increase in production volume, and this figure increased by 22,354.8 thousand rubles.

As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of 2006, the management of RollTex LLC made a decision to expand production, and in connection with this, over the next two years, large amounts of financial resources were invested in the construction of new fixed assets, in the purchase of new equipment, and repairs. and replacing the old one. Consequently, the average annual cost of fixed production assets during this period also increased significantly.

The relationship between the above indicators is expressed as follows: P opf = FO opf x P vp; (1)

Let's calculate the influence of factors using the chain substitution method:

R opf 05 = FO opf 05 x R vp 05 = 2.72 x 0.35 = 0.952;

Conditional data 1 = FO opf 06 x P VP 05 = 2.65 x 0.35 = 0.928;

R opf 06 = FO opf 06 x R vp 06 = 2.65 x 0.35 = 0.928;

ΔР opf FO = Conditional. data 1 - P opf 05 = 0.928 – 0.952 = - 0.024 (- 2.4%);

ΔP opf P = P opf 06 - Conditional. data 1 = 0.928 – 0.928 = 0.

The analysis showed that the capital return on fixed assets decreased by 2.4% only under the influence of changes in the capital productivity indicator.

Let's conduct a study of changes in the volume of gross output under the influence of an increase in the average annual cost of open pension fund:

VP = OPF x FO; (2)

Thus, the dependence between the above indicators is expressed. To assess the influence of the factors of the average annual cost of open investment funds and capital productivity on production output, we will use the chain substitution method:

VP 05 = 201,195.6 thousand rubles;

Catch. data 1 = OPF 06 x FO OPF 05 = 84,295.5 x 2.72 = 229,283.8 thousand rubles;

VP 06 = 223,550.4 thousand rubles;

ΔVP opf = Conditional. data 1 – VP 05 = 229,283.8 – 201,195.6 = 28,088.2 thousand rubles;

ΔVP fo = VP 06 - Conditional. data 1 = 223,550.5 – 229,283.8 = - 5,733.3 thousand rubles.

The results of the analysis showed that, due to an increase in the value of fixed production assets in 2007, the volume of production increased by 28,088.2 thousand rubles, but at the same time decreased under the influence of a decrease in capital productivity by 5,773.3 thousand rubles. Thus, we see that the expansion of production, replacement of old equipment with new ones, construction and development of new production areas contributed to an increase in production volumes by 28,088.2 thousand rubles. At the same time, the negative trend in the capital productivity indicator reduced the value of production by 5,773.3 thousand rubles.

As part of the usage analysis production capacity enterprise LLC "RollTex" we study the influence of such indicators as the production area of ​​the enterprise, the share of workshop area in the total production area, product output per 1 m 2 of workshops, on changes in production volume in 2007.

table 2

Data for analyzing the use of the production area of ​​the RollTex LLC enterprise for 2006-2007.

To assess the influence of factors on the volume of production, we will use the method of absolute differences. So, the volume of production in 2007 compared to 2006 increased by 22,354.8 thousand rubles:

By increasing the production area of ​​the enterprise:

ΔVP = ΔPP x UC 05 x VMC 05 = 450 x 0.84 x 300.29 = 114,108.9 thousand rubles;

By increasing the share of workshop area in the total production area:

ΔVP = PP 06 x ΔUC x VMC 05 = 1250 x 0.08 x 300.29 = 30,029.0 thousand rubles;

Due to a change in product output per 1 m 2 of workshop area:

ΔVP = PP 06 x UC 06 x ΔVMC = 1250 x 0.92 x (- 105.9) = - 121,783.1 thousand rubles;

Based on the results of this analysis, it was revealed that due to an increase in the production area of ​​the enterprise and the share of workshop area in the total production area, the volume of production increased by 114,108.9 thousand rubles. and 30,029.0 thousand rubles. respectively. But since the new production areas are not fully used, production output per 1 m 2 of workshop area decreased in 2007, which resulted in a decrease in production volume by 121,783.1 thousand rubles.

Chapter 2. Formation of a logistics system based on the RollTex LLC enterprise

2.1. Definition and brief description of participants in the logistics system.

A logistics system is a complex structured economic system consisting of elements-links interconnected in a single process of managing material and structuring flows, the totality of which, boundaries and functioning tasks are united by the internal and (or) external goals of the business organization.

The composition of participants in the logistics system of RollTex LLC is as follows:

1. Suppliers;

2. Transport;

4. Production center;

5. Enterprise LLC "RollTex"

6. Buyers.

Functions of participants in the logistics system of RollTex LLC:

Provider - determining the amount of necessary reserves for each type of resource, methods of storing and making them available for use.

Production center participates in the process of production of goods and services, depending on the adopted technologies.

Transport (carrier)- determination of the nomenclature, volumes, timing, methods of transportation and sources of supplied resources.

Stock- determination of the procedure for storing finished products, means, timing and methods of delivering them to the consumer.

Company. Determining the payment procedure for supplied incoming resources, transport and warehouse services.

Buyer. Participation in the internal strategic planning process.

Logistics chain- this is a linearly ordered set of specified entities (divisions, individuals and/or legal entities, (manufacturers, intermediaries, public warehouses, etc.) carrying out logistics operations to bring material flow from one logistics link to another (in the case of industrial consumption) or to the final consumer (in the case of non-productive or personal consumption).

In Fig. 1 and 2 show diagrams of the logistics system and supply chain that take place at the RollTex LLC enterprise.

Rice. 1. Simplified diagram of the logistics system of RollTex LLC

Rice. 2. Supply chain diagram of RollTex LLC

The type of logistics system of RollTex LLC is micrologistic, subtype is external (physical distribution, distribution, supply). Because the entire logistics policy is carried out within the framework of one enterprise, with purchases from foreign organizations and subsequent sales to consumers. This also follows from the definition of a micrologistics system.

Micrological control systems- intra-production logistics area of ​​one enterprise or several enterprises united on a corporate basis.

Micrological systems include technologically related production, united by a single infrastructure and working for a single economic result.

Logistics systems are characterized by 4 main properties inherent in any system.

The goal of the logistics system, the so-called “system 7” symbolizes the seven conditions for the effective functioning of the logistics system in an enterprise (group of enterprises) and is formulated as follows:

1. Cargo (goods) – the required goods.

2. Quality – required quality.

3. Quantity - in the right quantity.

4. Time – must be delivered within the required time.

5. Location – in the right place.

6. Costs - with minimal costs.

7. Consumers - to a specific consumer.

2.2. Characteristics of material flows

Material flow - material resources in a state of movement, work in progress and finished products, considered in the process of applying to them various logistics operations associated with physical movement in space (loading, unloading, transportation, sorting, etc.)

Information flow - this is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations .

Financial flow- this is the directed movement of financial resources circulating in the logistics system, as well as between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary to ensure the effective movement of the reproduction process as a whole.

Information flow

Financial flow

Rice. 3 Scheme of movement of material, information

and financial flows

2.3. Characteristics of logistics activities

Logistics activities (logistics operations) - actions aimed at transforming material flow. It is customary to divide logistics activities into elementary and complex.

Elementary Logistics activity is any action that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the assigned research or management task associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of material and accompanying information and (or) financial flows.

The elementary activities of the logistics system of the RollTex LLC enterprise include: loading, unloading, sorting, acceptance and release of goods from the warehouse, collection, storage, transmission of information about the cargo (goods), settlements with suppliers and buyers, etc., carried out with material resources or finished products.

Complex logistics activity or logistics function is a separate set of logistics operations aimed at implementing the tasks assigned to the logistics system.

Among the complex logistics activities there are: basic, key and auxiliary (supporting) logistics.

Basic logistics activities include: supply, production and sales.

Key logistics activities include: transportation, inventory management, purchasing, order management, physical distribution, etc. That is, all activities of the considered classification.

Auxiliary (supporting) logistics activities include: information and computer support, warehousing, cargo handling, support for the return of goods and provision of spare parts and service.

Chapter 3. Logistic optimization of the activities of the RollTex LLC enterprise.

3.1. Inventory optimization method ABC - XYZ .

This method allows, in accordance with a given criterion, to select the most significant ones from the entire set of objects of the same type. Such objects, as a rule, are few in number, and it is on them that the main attention must be focused. In particular, using this method, selective management of goods inventories is carried out.

The following criteria can be selected:

Volume of consumption;

Number of orders;

Profit;

Average stock for a certain period;

Analysis procedure ABC

1. Objects and criteria are selected on the basis of which the classification of management objects will be carried out (for example, consumption of goods over a certain period of time).

2. Goods are distributed in descending order of their consumption.

3. Consumption is calculated on an accrual basis.

4. The share (%) of consumption of each product in the total volume of consumption of goods is determined.

5. An ABC curve is constructed to identify three classes of goods A, B, C.

6. It is proposed to divide the analyzed assortment into groups A, B, and C as follows:

Group A includes elements of the highest importance according to the selected criterion (for example, 20% of goods making up 80% of consumption);

Group B includes items of medium importance (for example, 30% of goods representing 15% of consumption);

Group C includes all other goods, the degree of importance of which was assessed according to the same criteria as the previous groups of goods (for example, 50% of goods making up 5% of consumption).

Analysis XYZ

ABC analysis allows you to differentiate the assortment according to the degree of contribution to the intended result, and with XYZ analysis, the assortment is divided into the degree of demand uniformity and programming accuracy.

The coefficient of demand variation for individual assortment items (ν) is calculated using formula (1):

(1)

Where x i is the i-th value of demand for the position being evaluated;

– average quarterly demand for the position being assessed;

n – number of quarters for which the assessment was made.

Analysis procedure XYZ

1. Coefficients of variation are determined for individual assortment items.

2. Control objects are grouped in order of increasing coefficient of variation.

3. The analyzed assortment is divided into groups X, Y, Z according to the algorithm proposed below:

4. An ABC – XYZ matrix is ​​constructed and product items that require the most careful control are identified.

ABC–XYZ Matrix

To carry out this analysis using the method described above, the average stock of components for assembling a measuring and grading machine mod. B – 02.4, which uses most in demand from clothing manufacturers working with a wide range of fabrics.

Table 3

Initial data for ABC-XYZ analysis, m.

Table 4

Performing an ABC Analysis

A - system of continuous inventory control.

B - inventory check once a week.

C - inventory check 2 times a week.

Table 5

Conducting XYZ Analysis

Thus, based on the analysis and compilation of the ABC-XYZ matrix, we obtain that:

AX And AY You should choose individual inventory management technologies and, in particular, consider the possibility of using just-in-time delivery technology and optimal order size.

For products included in the group BY Both identical and individual technologies can be used. The intervals between inspections should be short.

For group products C.Y.- checking stock availability once a month.

3.2. Modeling the operation of an inventory management system using the " Lean Production ».

The essence of the logistics concept “LeanProduction” or “lean production” is expressed in the combination of the following components:

· High quality

Small production batch sizes

· Highly qualified personnel

· Low inventory levels

· Flexible equipment

This concept got its name “lean production” because it requires much fewer resources than mass production - less inventory, less time to produce a unit of product, less losses from defects, because the size of production batches and the time to manufacture them are minimized. Thus, among the main purposes of using this system at the RollTex LLC enterprise, the following can be distinguished:

· high product quality standards

low production costs

· quick response to consumer demand

· short equipment changeover time

In my opinion, the use of this concept of “lean production” at the RollTex LLC enterprise is quite justified for a number of reasons:

1) the enterprise produces on average 22 units of equipment unique to the Kaliningrad region per year, either on individual orders or in very small series;

2) Some machines exist in one or two copies and are maximally adapted to the technological processes of specific enterprises;

3) Specialists of the RollTex company constantly study the organization of technological production processes in textile, clothing and furniture factories, and get acquainted with how the work of the wholesale warehouse of fabric suppliers is organized. Therefore, the company develops and offers its clients only equipment that will be in demand for its intended purpose and technical characteristics and will fully satisfy all the client’s needs.

4) Low costs during the operation period are created due to the use of fewer human resources when working on machines, low power consumption of machines, and minimal use of production space.

In the presence of the above conditions, the enterprise has a full range of capabilities to quickly respond to consumer demand. When manufacturing products to order in single copies, and therefore in very close cooperation with the client, quality control of the equipment produced must be carried out at the highest level, which is what happens at the RollTex LLC enterprise.

In the theory and practice of logistics, there is also the concept of production to order, many of the principles of which are similar to the key components of the “LeanProduction” model, but at the same time this concept has a number of its own characteristics.

Currently, there is a shortening of the product life cycle, accompanied by an expansion of its range and increased competition. One of the tools for increasing the efficiency of an enterprise’s logistics system is the application of the concept of production to order.

Manufacturing to order or deferred manufacturing is a company management concept that aims to delay resource-consuming activities (purchasing, production, delivery, etc.) until a specific order is received.

The production-to-order method provides that the range and quantity of products produced is dictated directly by the consumer, to whom the products are delivered from the company's warehouses. Availability electronic system inventory accounting allows you to determine the volume and range of products sold and place an order for its production. Thus, the signal for the start of production of a particular product will be a decrease in these products in the warehouse due to their sale.

The transition to the use of this concept reflects the changes that have occurred in the views of scientific marketers on the market: the concepts of improving production and improving products have been replaced by the concept of marketing, which states that the key to achieving the goals of the organization is to determine the needs and requirements of target markets and ensure the desired satisfaction with more effective and in more productive ways than competitors.

Using the make-to-order concept allows you to achieve more efficient use of company resources by producing components and assembling finished products only after receiving an order for a specific model. If earlier manufacturers tried to provide the maximum possible range of finished products at the point of sale and this led to a high level of inventories of finished products, now the main idea is to forecast demand for these products and produce a sufficient number of components necessary to assemble the predicted volume of finished products. However, the assembly itself begins only after receiving the order. This approach allows us to maintain a low level of inventory of finished products, and at the same time allows for rapid assembly and delivery of the required number of ordered products.

Modern scientists argue that the use of a production-to-order system is possible when the start of work on the production of products takes place after receiving an order. Proponents of this approach proceed from the assumption that the gain in saving resources that can be wasted on the production of products that have no demand will be greater than the gain in time that the company will receive by having the finished product in stock and shipping it immediately after receiving the order. . This approach is typical, as a rule, for enterprises that produce unique products in accordance with the specific requirements of the client and which can allow the supply contracts to indicate exactly the time required for the production of products. It is in such conditions that the RollTex LLC company operates, therefore, the use of the custom production model will become effective tool increasing competitiveness in the market of machine-building enterprises.

Conclusion

In the last decade in Russia there has been a constant increase in interest commercial structures to the theory and practice of logistics, which in developed countries world has long become a practical and effective business tool. This is due to the fact that logistics technologies can achieve significant competitive advantages. They ensure delivery of the right product in the right quantity and quality to the right place and time to a specific consumer at optimal cost. The implementation of this, at first glance, simple rule makes it possible to reduce all types of inventories of material resources by 30-50%, the duration of movement of products from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer by 25-45%, reduce the costs of production and distribution of goods, and accelerate the turnover of circulating materials. capital of the enterprise, increase the level of satisfaction of consumer demands in the quality of goods and services.

The problem of rational movement of raw materials, materials and finished products has previously been the subject of close attention. The novelty of logistics lies, first of all, in the change of priorities in the business practice of the company, where the central place began to be occupied by the management of product distribution processes, that is, bringing the finished product to a specific consumer. If previously the processes of supplying material resources, production and physical distribution of finished products were considered separately, isolated from each other, then the logistics approach involves synchronization and coordination of all operations, procedures and processes related to the movement of material resources into a single business process of the enterprise. For example, maintaining and storing goods in a warehouse in case they might be needed someday is too expensive. After all, maintaining inventory itself is expensive, and products stored in warehouses may become outdated, cease to be in demand, etc.

Issues effective management reserves was the basis for this course work, within the framework of which the activities of the Kaliningrad machine-building enterprise RollTex LLC. A brief description of the company was given and the main technical and economic indicators of its work over the past two years were given. Further, based on the results of the analysis of the main logistics activities and the system for organizing material flows at the enterprise, in the third chapter of the work, a number of proposals were made to improve the inventory management system.

Bibliography

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4. Lectures and practical classes in the discipline “Logistics”.