Labor cost standards are met by organizational, technical, planning, managerial, economic and social functions. Using labor cost standards, they calculate the load on jobs and equipment, use production capabilities, and carry out intra-company and workshop work. operational planning, determine the need for labor by their number, professions, specialties and qualifications, production costs and a number of other technical economic indicators at the enterprise.

The labor cost rate reflects the socially necessary labor costs to perform a particular operation and does not include any loss of working time.

The importance of norms in stimulating effective production activities follows from the fact that they are the basis for establishing the volume of resources (amount of equipment, number of workers, supplies of materials) necessary to achieve given production results. The validity of the resources available to an employee or production team - required condition effectiveness of the incentive system. This is due to the fact that in enterprises all these systems are ultimately based on a comparison of actual resource costs with standard ones.

The norm of labor costs, serving as a criterion for the efficiency of labor processes, is a standard that allows us to determine and quantify the available reserves for increasing labor productivity. In this capacity, it must take into account the most advanced technology that can be used to perform the operation in a workshop or enterprise, as well as the complete equipping of the technological process with all the required equipment, tools and devices. When establishing a standard, it is necessary to take into account the most appropriate methods of work for the worker, a high level of maintenance of workplaces, normal intensity and good conditions for the worker’s work and rest.

The labor cost rate should stimulate an increase in labor productivity, that is, it should be focused on the advanced worker and set on the basis of the average level of labor productivity of advanced workers, those whose output is at the average level for the workshop or site.

Currently, enterprises use a system of labor cost standards that reflect various aspects of work activity. The most widely used types of labor cost norms are: time norm, production norm, maintenance time norm, maintenance norm, controllability norm, headcount norm.

The standard time is understood as the amount of working time that is necessary to perform a certain job by one worker or workforce of a certain qualification and composition in certain organizational and technical production conditions. It is measured in man-minutes (man-hours).

The most widespread object of standardization is a production operation - a completed part of the production process, carried out by one performer or work team at a given workplace on a specific subject of labor. The time standard established for an operation or unit of product is called the piece time standard.

With the help of labor standardization, the measure of labor costs to perform a certain amount of work under given conditions is determined. The cost measure can be expressed in terms of time, volume of work, number of employees and service facilities. There are standards and labor standards.

Labor rationing- this is a type of production management activity aimed at establishing the necessary costs and results of labor, as well as the necessary ratios between the number of workers of various groups and the number of units of equipment.

Labor standards characterize scientifically based, centrally developed indicators of labor costs. Based on them, enterprises independently develop their own labor standards. Thus, labor standard- this is a labor standard adjusted to local working conditions.

Labor standards and norms apply:

• workings;
• service;
• time;
• service time.

Production rate- this is the number of units of product that must be produced by one or more workers in a given period of time (hour, shift).

Standard of service- this is the required number of objects (workplaces, units of production space and other production machines) assigned for maintenance to one or more employees per unit of time.

Standard time— this is the necessary time spent by one employee or team (link) to complete a unit of work (product). It is measured in man-minutes (man-hours).

Standard service time is the time spent on servicing one object (machine, client, visitor, etc.)

Number of employees- this is the number of workers required to perform a certain amount of work.

Controllability norm (number of subordinates)- this is the number of employees who must be directly subordinate to one manager.

Standardized task- this is the required range and volume of work that must be performed by one or more workers for a given period of time (shift, day, month). Like the production norm, the standardized task determines the necessary result of the workers’ activities, however, unlike it, it can be established not only in natural units, but also in standard hours, standard rubles.

The above labor standards are currently widely used in practice. However, they do not exhaust all the characteristics of the labor process whose regulation is objectively necessary. When analyzing such characteristics, one should first of all proceed from an assessment of the labor process by its effectiveness, i.e. according to the relationship between costs and labor results.

Objectively, there are two forms of labor costs: working time costs and costs work force. Accordingly, it is possible to distinguish norms for working time expenditure and norms for employee energy expenditure.

Standard working hours sets the time for a unit or specified amount of work to be completed by one or more workers. Depending on specific conditions, working time standards may determine the duration of work, the time spent on its performance by one or more employees, and their number. Therefore, the norms for working time costs include norms for the duration and labor intensity of work in numbers. Norms for the duration and complexity of work are forms of expressing time norms.

The duration norm determines the time during which a unit of work can be completed on one machine (unit, machine) or at one workplace.

The labor intensity norm of an operation determines the required time expenditure of one or more workers to complete a unit of work or produce a unit of product for a given operation. These costs depend not only on the duration of the operation, but also on the number of workers involved in its implementation. The labor intensity of an operation is measured in man-minutes or man-hours.

Compared to the norms for working time expenditure, the norms for the expenditure of physical and nervous energy of workers have been studied to a much lesser extent. They can be characterized by the pace of work, the degree of employment of workers, indicators of fatigue, etc. Of the existing regulatory materials, the norms of labor severity are most suitable for characterizing the norms of energy expenditure of workers. The severity of labor is understood as the total impact of all factors of the labor process on the human body. One of the components of the severity of work is its intensity. The severity of work is also influenced by the state of the production environment (sanitary, hygienic, aesthetic and other working conditions). Standards of labor severity regulate the permissible loads on the body of workers, so they are used to justify time for rest, establish compensation for unfavorable working conditions, etc.

Standards for labor costs usually also include standards for maintenance and controllability. This is true in the sense that these norms, like the norms of labor results, are established based on the norms of time. However, in terms of economic content, the standards of service and controllability differ significantly from the standards of costs and labor results. Service standards determine the number of production facilities (machines, apparatus, workplaces, etc.) assigned to one worker or team; controllability standards - the number of employees subordinate to one manager.

The need to separate the standards of service and controllability from the standards of time, production and other standards of costs and results of labor is explained by purely practical considerations. So, if a service standard is established for a multi-machine operator, service technician or repairman, then it only determines the area of ​​activity and the size of the workplace, but does not characterize labor efficiency. And, if it is considered obvious that when servicing a single machine by a worker, it is necessary to establish standards for the costs and results of labor, then when working with multiple machines, setting up, and repairing equipment, appropriate standards are needed for production planning, payment and labor incentives; ultimately, it is not the number of machines that is important, served by the worker, and the volume of products that must be produced by him on these machines.

Directly adjacent to the standards considered are the standards for the complexity of the work performed, which determine the necessary qualifications of the performers. Assessing the complexity of work requires a deep understanding of the features of the technological process and is carried out in practice by the same specialists (technologists, standardizers) who calculate time and output standards. Therefore, it is advisable to relate the norms of labor complexity to the analyzed set of norms.

When classifying standards, the following characteristics are taken into account: the level of differentiation of production processes and design elements of products, scope of application, period of validity, method of establishment.

Closely related to the classification of labor standards is the classification of normative materials on labor, which serve to establish standards and express the dependencies between the necessary labor costs and the factors influencing them.

Standards for operating modes of equipment contain equipment parameters, on the basis of which the most effective modes of the technological process are established, ensuring the specified equipment productivity with minimal costs of human and material labor.

Time standards contain regulated time spent on performing individual elements of the labor process (labor movements, actions, techniques, etc.), on the manufacture of parts, assemblies, products and on servicing a unit of equipment, a workplace, a unit of production area.

Rate standards establish a regulated pace of work performance.

Number standards determine the regulated number of workers required to perform a given amount of work.

Based on the considered classifications of norms and standards, the following can be noted: differences between them.

• The norm corresponds to strictly defined values ​​of factors that determine its value under the conditions of a specific production process. In contrast, standards are established for a variety of factor values. That is why unified and standard norms refer to normative materials.
• Standards are repeatedly used to establish various standards for work of this type. The standard is set only for a specific job.
• Standards are valid for a long time (as long as the given relationship between the norm and factors remains). In contrast, norms must be revised when the conditions under which they were established change.

Time spent in calculating labor standards

When calculating labor standards, time costs are established: preparatory and final, operational, workplace maintenance, rest and personal needs, and regulated (standardized) breaks.

Preparatory and final— this is the time spent preparing for the execution of a given task and actions associated with its completion: obtaining tools, devices, technological and planning documentation; familiarization with the work, drawings; instructions on how to perform the work; installation of fixtures and tools; setting up equipment, removing fixtures and tools after completing the work; delivery of devices, tools, documentation. Its peculiarity is that it is spent once on a job (a batch of objects of labor) and does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given task.

Operational- this is the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, as well as on performing auxiliary actions necessary to implement these changes. Operating time costs are repeated with each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is divided into main and auxiliary.

Basics(technological) time is spent on purposefully changing the subject of labor.

During auxiliary time raw materials are loaded, harvested finished products equipment management, changing its operating modes, monitoring the progress of the technological process and product quality.

Workplace service time- this is the time spent by workers on caring for equipment and maintaining the workplace in good condition. It is divided into technical and organizational. Job site maintenance time is spent looking after the equipment for that specific job. For example, the time to replace worn tools, adjust equipment, remove chips, etc. Organizational maintenance time is spent on workplace maintenance associated with performing work throughout the entire shift. This category includes the time spent on setting up tools at the beginning and cleaning up at the end of a work shift, and on cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Time for rest and personal needs installed to maintain normal performance and for personal hygiene. The duration of such breaks depends on working conditions. The time of regulated (standardized) breaks for organizational and technical reasons is objectively determined by the nature of the interaction between workers and equipment. Eliminating these interruptions is practically impossible or economically impractical. For example, if one worker operates several machines, then in many cases it is impossible to completely synchronize the worker's time with the machine time. The consequence of this is breaks, which must be included in the time standard.

Time for unregulated breaks- this is downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations of the established technology and production organization. These breaks are not included in the time standard:

When analyzing the time spent by workers, first of all, the time of their employment and the time of breaks are highlighted. An employee's time of employment includes the time he performs a production task and the time he is engaged in other work. The latter includes time of random work outside the established schedule and time of unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, devices, etc.).

Busy time can also be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (for example, during multi-machine work) and active monitoring of the progress of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal progress. If a worker is engaged in active observation, then he should not perform other functions. In addition to active, passive observation is also possible; a cohort is one of the types of breaks in a worker’s employment for organizational and technical reasons.

When analyzing working time costs, unregulated breaks are identified for organizational and technical reasons and due to the fault of the employee. The time of unregulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons includes downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for workpieces, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time of breaks associated with non-synchronization of the production process. The time of breaks due to violation of labor discipline is due to the late start and premature completion of work, excess rest time, etc.

To calculate labor standards, it is essential to divide the time spent into overlapping and non-overlapping. Overlapping usually includes the time a worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Non-overlapping is the time for performing labor techniques (installation of workpieces, quality control, etc.) with the equipment stopped (non-working) and the time for machine-manual techniques.

Labor cost standards are the initial basis for work on organizing labor and wages.

When calculating labor cost standards for any work, the following is determined:

Organizational and technical conditions in which it must be carried out, division and cooperation of labor;

Design optimal operating modes of equipment;

Rational content of the labor process, sequence and methods of performing each element of the labor operation;

System and procedure for servicing the workplace;

Then the standards are calculated and implemented into production.

Labor cost standards can be set in two ways:

- analytical(analytical and research) - based on detailed analysis and design of the optimal labor process;

- total– without detailed analysis and without designing an optimal labor process, based on statistical (reporting) data on product output for the previous period.

Depending on this, standards developed on the basis of the analytical method are considered technically sound(scientifically based), and the standards established by the summary method are called experimental and statistical(experienced).

According to the objects of application, the norms for the operation are distinguished - operating standards, and norms for a complex of operations - comprehensive standards.

According to the form of labor organization, work performers are distinguished individual norms and collective(team) norms.

According to the form of expression of labor costs, they are distinguished: time standards, production standards, service standards, staffing standards (standards).

Standardized time allows for assessment and payment of labor in accordance with the labor expended. The necessary labor costs for production are established primarily by calculating time standards.

2.6.1 Standard time

Standard time(Nvr) - the amount of working time required to produce a unit of production (perform a unit of work) by one employee or a group of employees of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions.

It is assumed that all the costs of standardized time per shift are evenly distributed to each unit of production. The time standard is expressed in units of time per unit of production (or work).

In relation to the conditions of different industries, when using different forms of organization of labor processes, formulas for calculating time standards may differ from each other. But these formulas are based on general provisions, given below.

In general, the establishment of a standard time for an operation is carried out by determining the standard time for each category of standardized time expenditure and then summing them up. In this case, all components of the time norm are determined in the same units of time.

In general, the calculation formula for the time norm can be presented:

NVR = top + tom + tpt + totl + tpz, (2.17)

The indices correspond to the indices given in the table for the classification of working time costs (Appendix A).

The structure of the time norm is shown in Figure 2.1.

Rice. 2.1 - Time norm structure

Note: in small letters (t ) denotes the time spent on one standardized unit of production, large (T) for large time intervals (per batch, shift, etc.).

When releasing products in separate batches (series), the preparatory and final time is set for the entire batch, because it practically does not depend on the quantity homogeneous products, manufactured to order. In this case, the standard time for producing a unit of product is established without preparatory and final time and is called the standard piece time (tsh).

Нвр = tш = top + tom + tpt + tot, (2.18)

As a full standard of time for the production of a unit of product, the standard of piece-calculation time (tshk) is established, taking into account the preparatory and final time, according to the formula:

Nvr = tshk = tsh + Tpz / n, (2.19)

where n is the number of products in the batch;

Тпз – preparatory and final time for a batch of parts.

If the preparatory-final time is set for a shift, then the rate of piece-calculation time (tshk) is determined:

NVR = tshk = tsh / (1 – Tpz / Tcm), (2.20)

As a rule, time for servicing a workplace, time for rest and personal needs, time for breaks for technological reasons are determined according to standards calculated as a percentage of operational (or separately for main and auxiliary) time.

Нвр = tш = top × , (2.21)

where α ohm, α exc, α pt are the time for organizational and technical maintenance of the workplace, time for rest and personal needs and time for technological breaks, respectively, expressed as a percentage of operational time.

Depending on the type of production, the calculation formula for piece and piece-calculation time may have various variations, which are given in the relevant regulatory materials (time standards).

Example 2.2.

Calculate the rate of piece time (t w) for mass production if the rate of basic time is 8 minutes. the norm of auxiliary time is 2 minutes. Time standards: 3% of operational time for workplace maintenance, and 5% of operational time for rest and personal needs.

Solution.

For mass production conditions, it is determined by formula 2.21.

tsh = top × ;

top = to + tв;

respectively:

tsh = (tо + tв) × = (8 +2) × = 10.8 min.

Example 2.3

Determine the norm of piece-calculation time (tshk) according to the conditions of the previous problem, if the norm of preparatory and final time for an 8-hour shift is 30 minutes.

Solution.

The rate of piece-calculation time in this case is determined by formula 2.10:

tshk = tsh / (1 – Tpz / Tcm) = 10.8 / (1 – 30 / 480) = 11.52 min.

2.6.2 Features of determining the components of the time standard

Determination of preparatory and final time(tпз ) .

There are three methodological approach to determine the amount of preparatory and final time:

Preparatory-final time is defined as an independent part of the time norm (separate from the piece time norm). This approach is typical for single and small-scale production, as well as for machine and automated work in medium-scale production. The preparatory and final time is set either for a batch of products or for a shift.

Preparatory-final time is defined as an integral part of the time norm. This approach is typical for large-scale production, where the proportion of preparatory and final time is small. The amount of preparatory and final time is included in the piece time and is calculated as a percentage of operational time.

Preparatory-final time is not included in the time norm at all. This approach is typical for large-scale and mass production, where one operation (or a very limited number of operations) is assigned to each workplace for a long time. Re-adjustment of equipment and replacement of tools, in these cases, is carried out outside the work shift and is carried out by auxiliary workers.

For individual hardware processes, the amount of preparatory and final time is set for a shift or other billing period (day, month) and is included in the workplace maintenance time.

Determination of operational time(top).

The amount of operating time depends on the nature of the work and the participation of workers in the production process. There are two methodological approaches to determining the amount of operational time.

Operational time is established as a whole for an operation, unit of production or volume of work performed, without division into main and auxiliary time. This approach is typical for manual and machine-manual processes.

Operational time is set for an operation, unit of production or volume of work performed, subdivided into main and auxiliary time. This approach is typical for machine, automated and instrumental processes.

Main time(to) per unit of production in automated and machine processes is calculated, as a rule, according to formulas (according to the accepted technological process) or according to data timing observations. For example, for turning operations, the main (machine) time is determined by the formula:

tо = (L + l 1 + l 2) × i / (n × S), min., (2.22)

where L is the length of the workpiece surface being machined, mm;

l 1, l 2 – length of infeed and overrun of the cutter, mm;

i – number of cutter passes;

n – machine spindle speed, min – 1;

S – feed amount per revolution, mm.

Example 2.4

Determine the standard time for roughing on lathe according to the following data:

length of the workpiece surface to be processed – 190 mm;

total length of cutter infeed and overtravel – 12 mm;

machine spindle speed – 200 min – 1;

feed rate per revolution – 0.7 mm;

number of passes – 2.

Solution.

tо = (L + l 1 + l 2) × i / (n × S) = (190 + 12) × 2 / (200 × 0.7) = 2.9 min.

Auxiliary time(tв) in machine or automated processes is determined according to standards or according to timing observations. The total duration of auxiliary time is equal to the sum of all auxiliary time spent on individual techniques or complexes of techniques. Only non-overlapping auxiliary time is included in the time standard.

Determination of workplace service time(tom)

The amount of time spent servicing a workplace depends on the nature of the production process, the type of production, the nature of the work and the employee’s participation in the production process, as well as on the current procedure for servicing workplaces. The amount of time spent servicing a workplace is calculated according to standards or according to photographic observations.

There are three methodological approaches to determining the amount of time required to service a workplace:

Workplace maintenance time is calculated per unit of product or operation as a percentage of operational time. This approach is typical for manual and machine-manual processes carried out in conditions of single, small-scale and medium-scale production (when the order of performing techniques for servicing the workplace is determined by the worker himself).

Workplace maintenance time is also calculated per unit of product or operation, but is subdivided into maintenance time (ttech) and organizational maintenance time (torg). In this case, the maintenance time is calculated as a percentage of the main time, and the organizational maintenance time is calculated as a percentage of the operational time. This approach is typical for machine and automated processes carried out in conditions of single, small-scale and medium-scale production.

The workplace service time is set in minutes per shift. This approach is typical for manual, machine-manual, mechanized and automated processes carried out in large-scale and mass production, as well as for instrumental processes.

The time standard includes only the non-overlapping time for servicing a workplace.

Determining time for rest and personal needs(tex).

Time for rest and personal needs should not be less than 20 minutes. per shift. If work is performed in unfavorable conditions, then the time for rest and personal needs should increase, depending on the values, characteristics, and various elements of working conditions. In cases where there are breaks during the performance of work, due to technology or production organization and evenly distributed throughout the shift, during which workers practically do not work, they are considered as rest (in the case of normal psychophysiological and sanitary-hygienic conditions in the workshop). The time of passive observation of equipment operation is considered as rest, and the standardized rest time should be reduced by the amount of time of passive observation.

Time for rest and personal needs is usually set in minutes for an 8-hour work shift. If the length of the work shift is different, time for rest and personal needs should change in proportion to the duration of the shift. As a percentage of operational time, time for rest and personal needs is established only in conditions of single and small-scale production, where each operation has its own standard of piece time.

In the practice of rationing and remuneration of labor, in addition to the basic norm of labor costs - the time norm, other norms derived from it are also used. These include: production rate (Nb); standard of service (But); population norm (Nch).

2.6.3 Production rate

Production rate(Нв) – an established amount of work (number of units of production) that an employee or group of employees of appropriate qualifications is required to perform (produce) per unit of time under certain organizational and technical conditions.

The production rate is expressed in natural units per unit of time.

The production rate is inversely proportional to the time rate:

Нв= 1 / Н вр, (2.23)

In this case, the time norm and the production norm must be expressed in the same units of time and production.

In practice, as a rule, the calculation of the shift production rate is carried out using the formulas:

Нв = T cm / tshk, (2.24)

Hv = (Tcm – Tpz) / tsh, (2.25)

Nv = (Tsm – Tom – Totl – Tpt – Tpz) / t op, (2.26)

Example 2.5

Determine the shift production rate for a turner for rough machining of parts, according to the conditions of example 2.4, if the rate of auxiliary time (for installing the workpiece on the machine and removing the part from the machine) is 1.1 minutes. Time standards: for workplace maintenance 4% of operational time, and for rest and personal needs 6% of operational time, the standard preparatory and final time for an 8-hour shift is 25 minutes.

Solution.

tо = to + tв = 2.9 + 1.1 = 4.0 min.

Norm of piece time (t w):

tsh = top × = 4.0 × = 4.4 min.

The shift production rate (Nv SM) is determined by formula 2.16.

Hv SM = (480 – 25) / 4.4 = 103 units/cm.

In continuous processes, where equipment is stopped only for scheduled repairs, the production rate is determined based on the productivity of the unit (machine, apparatus) per unit of time according to the formula:

Hb = Tmelt × Cream × P × But, (2.27)

where Tpl is the duration of the billing period for which the production rate is determined (shift, month, etc.);

Krem – coefficient taking into account equipment downtime in scheduled repairs;

P – productivity of the unit (machine, apparatus) per unit of time;

But - the standard of service for a worker (or team).

When rationing labor in conditions of collective (team) work, complex standards for labor costs (time or output standards) are established.

Comprehensive standards- these are the norms of labor costs for a team (team) to perform a set of works to produce a unit of product, taken as the final measure of the work of the team (team).

Complex time standard(Nvr K) is determined by the sum of operational time standards for all work and operations performed by the team (team), while taking into account the effect of team work.

Nvr K = Kef × ∑ Nvr i , (2.28)

where Нвр i is the standard time for performing the i-th operation;

Kef – Team work effect coefficient (Keff > 1)

Replaceable complex production rate(Нв к) is determined:

Nv k = Fsm.b / Nvr k, (2.29)

where Fsm.b is the team’s working time fund per shift.

2.6.4 Relationship between time standards and production standards when they change

Between the time norm (Nvr) and the production norm (Nv) there is Feedback, i.e. Nv = 1 / Nvr. The relationship between the % change in the time rate “X” and the % change in the production rate “Y” can be expressed:

X = – 100 Y / (100 + Y), (2.30)

Y = – 100 X / (100 + X), (2.31)

When making calculations, you must follow the signs:

“+” – the rate increases; “–” – the rate decreases.

Example 2.6

How much will the production rate (Y) change if the time rate (X) decreases by 20%.

Solution.

У = – / = + 25%

The production rate will increase by 25%.

Example 2.6

How much will the time rate (X) change if the production rate (Y) increases by 20%.

Solution.

X = – / = – 16.7%.

The time limit will decrease by 16.7%.

2.6.5 Maintenance standards

Standard of service(But) - the number of production facilities (units of equipment, workplaces, units of area, etc.) that an employee or group of employees of appropriate qualifications are required to service during a unit of working time in certain organizational and technical conditions.

Service standards are established to standardize the labor of workers engaged in servicing equipment, production area, workplaces, etc.

Having determined the standard time for maintenance according to standards or using timing, you can calculate the standard of service using the following formulas:

But = Tcm / N vr.o, (2.32)

where Nvr.o is the standard time for servicing a unit of equipment, unit of area, etc.;

But = Tcm / (Hvr × n × K), (2.33)

where n is the number of units of work performed during a certain period (shift, month, etc.);

K – coefficient taking into account the implementation additional functions, not taken into account by the standard time (instructing, recording, monitoring the process), as well as for rest and personal needs.

In continuous production, the service rate is calculated based on the time a worker is busy servicing one unit during a shift:

But = (Tsm – Totl – Tpz) / (tz + tp), (2.34)

where tз is the standard time of employment of a worker on maintenance work for one unit during a shift;

tп - time to move from unit to unit.

Example 2.8

Determine the standard of service for an 8-hour work shift for a vulcanizer worker using the following data: preparatory and final time for a shift is 20 minutes; The norm of time for rest and personal needs is 25 minutes. for an 8 hour work shift; the standard time for a worker to be employed in servicing one unit during a shift is 50 minutes; time to move from unit to unit – 4 minutes.

Solution.

We calculate the service rate using formula 2.24.

But = (480 – 25 – 20) / (50 + 4) = 8.06 we accept 8 units/shift. people

A type of service standard is the controllability standard, which determines the number of employees subordinate to one manager.

2.6.6 Number of people

Norm (standard) number(Nch) - the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform specific production, managerial functions or volumes of work in certain organizational and technical conditions.

According to the norms (standards) of numbers, labor costs are also determined by profession, specialty, group or type of work, individual functions, as a whole for the enterprise, workshop, or its structural division.

The number of people and the standard of service are inversely proportional to each other:

LF = 1 /No, (2.35)

Example 2.9

Based on the conditions of example 2.7, determine the standard number of vulcanizing workers.

Solution.

The norm for the number of vulcanizing workers is determined by formula 2.25.

LF = 1/8 = 0.125 people. agr. / shift.

The application of staffing standards and service standards is carried out mainly when determining the number of employees using the formulas:

Chsm = å Mi / Nob.i, (2.36)

where Mi is the quantity of equipment of the i-th technological group, units;

Nob.i – standard of service for a unit of equipment of the i-th technological group, units. / person..

Chsm = åMi × Nch.i, (2.37)

where Nch.i is the staffing rate per unit of equipment of the i-th technological group, people. /unit

Example 2.10

Determine the shift number of vulcanizer workers (H cm), if 46 vulcanizers are installed at the vulcanization site, the maintenance rate H o = agr. / person shift.

Solution.

H cm = 46 / 8 = 5.75 people, we accept 6 people.

Example 2.11

Determine the shift number of vulcanizer workers (H cm), if 46 vulcanizers are installed at the vulcanization site, the number of people is H h = 0.125 people. agr. / shift.

Solution.

H cm = 46 × 0.125 = 5.75 people, we accept 6 people.

2.7 Assessment of compliance with standards, quality of standardization

2.7.1 Compliance rate

If one type of product (or a small number of homogeneous types of products) is produced at a workplace, then according to the established production norm and the actual quantity of products produced, it is easy to keep track of compliance with the norms, i.e. determine the coefficient of fulfillment of norms (Kvn).

Kvn = Qi / Hvi, (2.38)

Nvi – production rate for the i-th type of product.

Example 2.12

The shift production rate H in cm = 20 t/cm, and the worker produced 22 tons of products per shift. It is easy to determine that a worker has fulfilled the norm by 110%.

(22 / 20 = 1.1 = 110% i.e. the coefficient of fulfillment of norms K internal = 1.1 = 110%)

However, in workplaces where several types of products are manufactured, accounting for labor costs using production standards becomes difficult or impossible. In such cases, time standards are applied to express production output various types in the same units of change - in the cost of normalized time.

The coefficient of fulfillment of norms (Kvn), in this case is determined by:

Kvn = ∑(Q i × Hvr i) / Vf, (2.39)

where Q i is the quantity of actually manufactured products of the i-th type, (natural units);

Hvr i – time standard for the i-th type of product;

In f – actual time worked.

Example 2.13

Determine whether the worker has fulfilled the standard if he produced products during an 8-hour shift, as shown in Table 2.10

Table 2.10 – Characteristics of the example conditions

Thus, in 8 hours the worker produced the quantity of products that he should have produced in 8.8 hours.

The coefficient of compliance with standards (Kvn) is determined by formula 2.39.

K in = 8.8 / 8 = 1.1 = 110%

Example 2.14

Determine the standard time, shift production rate, standard time for produced products, fulfillment of the standard by workers, according to the following data:

The standard time for a turning operation is 6.3 minutes.

The time for installing the workpiece into the machine and removing the finished part is 0.7 minutes.

Time for rest and personal needs - 6% of operational time.

Workplace maintenance time is 4% of operational time.

Preparatory and final work time – 25 minutes. for an 8 hour shift.

The worker worked 168 hours.

In fact, the worker produced 1360 units. products.

Solution.

Operating time norm (t op):

tо = to + tв = 6.3 + 0.7 = 7.0 min.

Norm of piece time (t w):

tsh = top × (α ohm + α exc) / 100 = 7.0 × (4 + 6) / 100 = 7.7 min.

Time standard (piece-calculation time standard, tshk):

Hv = tshk = tsh / (1 – Tpz / Tcm) = 7.7 / (1 – 25 / 480) = 8.123 min.

Shift production rate:

Nv SM = 480 / 8.123 = 59 units/cm.

Standardized time for manufactured products (V):

V = Нв × Q = 8.123 × 1360 = 11047 n.-min. = 184.1 n.-hour.

Compliance with the standard by workers:

KVn = V / Vf = 184.1 / 168 = 1.096 = 109.6%

2.7.2 Standard tension coefficient

Sometimes, for the purpose of analyzing the quality of norms, the concept of norm tension is used. Standard tension coefficient(Knn)– this is the reciprocal of the coefficient of fulfillment of norms (KVN):

Knn = 1 / Knn, (2.40)

KVN and KNN can be calculated for a unit (team, site, workshop), or for the enterprise as a whole.

According to the conditions of example 2.13, the tension coefficient of the norms will be:

Knn = 1 / 1.1 = 0.91

2.7.3 Assessing the quality of standardization

To assess the quality of standardization, the coefficient of compliance with standards (Kvn) and the coefficient of tension of norms (Knn) are most often used.

The coefficient of compliance with standards (Kvn) and the coefficient of tension of norms (Knn) are among the indicators characterizing the quality of the developed standards and the standards calculated on their basis. The closer these coefficients approach 1, the better (more correctly) the standards are established.

Labor cost standards are a specific expression of the measure of labor and show in what necessary and sufficient quantity and what kind of labor must be spent on the production of a unit of output.

Labor cost standards are classified according to various criteria:

● time standards;

● production standards;

● service standards;

● headcount standards;

● controllability standards;

2) by validity period:

● temporary;

● conditionally permanent;

● seasonal;

● one-time;

3) by the number of performers:

● individual;

● brigade;

4) according to the establishment method:

● technically sound;

● experimental and statistical.

In addition, depending on the differentiation of the production process, labor cost standards are established for individual operations, at the stage of the production process and for the entire process as a whole. The object for which the standard is established can be a part, a set of parts, a unit, or a product.

Enterprises use a system of standards that reflect various aspects of work activity (Fig. 3.1).

Figure 3.1 –. Classification of standards of costs and labor results

The value of labor cost standards is characterized by the scope of their application. They are the basis of production planning at all levels of the enterprise, rational organization labor and wages, a means of recording individual and collective labor results, studying and disseminating best practices.

Mechanical engineering enterprises use a system of labor standards that reflect various aspects of work activity. The most widely used standards are time standards, production standards, maintenance standards, controllability standards and headcount standards.

Time standards represent the amount of time required to complete a certain amount of work, and are set in seconds, minutes, hours.

At enterprises railway transport For example, the following time standards apply:

Standard time standards for metalworking work on repairing electric locomotives;

Industry standards for the repair of wheel sets and rolling bearings of locomotives;

Time standards for metalworking work on repairing mechanical equipment of locomotives in the depot;

Temporary time standards for depot repairs;

Enlarged standard technically justified time standards for average repairs of track-laying cranes of type UK-25/9-18 in the conditions of track road workshops;

Standard technically justified time standards for snow removal work;

Industry technically justified time standards for repair work on changing turnouts and transfer bars;

Technically justified time standards for work on the routine maintenance and repair of subgrades and artificial structures;

Comprehensive standard technically justified time standards for work on sorting goods transported by small shipments in covered wagons;

Comprehensive standard time standards for processing medium-tonnage containers using cranes equipped with automatic slings;

Comprehensive time standards for processing large-tonnage containers with cranes.

Labor intensity norm operation determines the required time expenditure of one or more workers to complete a unit of work or produce a unit of product for a given operation. These costs depend not only on the duration of the operation, but also on the number of workers involved in its implementation. The labor intensity of an operation is measured in man-minutes (man-hours).

The following relationship directly follows from the definition of labor intensity standards for an operation:

where Нт is the norm of labor intensity of the operation;

Nch – the norm of the number of workers performing this operation.

And taking into account the above formula, this is

Production rate, in contrast to the time standard, represents the amount of work that must be completed within a certain unit of time (per hour, shift, etc.). Output standards are established in physical terms (pieces, tons, meters, etc.), as a rule, in mass and large-scale production, where one or more operations are performed at each workplace. They can be hourly, daily, monthly, annual.

There is an inverse relationship between the time norm and the production norm.

Standard of service– the number of pieces of equipment, workplaces, square meters of area assigned for service to one employee or team.

The following service standards apply at railway transport enterprises:

Standard standards of service for cleaners production premises industrial enterprises;

Standards of service for workers engaged in sanitary maintenance of households.

Number of people determines the number of workers required to perform a certain amount of work, and the standard of control is the number of workers who must be directly subordinate to one manager.

At railway transport enterprises, for example, the following headcount standards are applied:

Standards for the number of duty switch posts at railway stations;

Standards for the number of car speed controllers;

Standards for the number of psychologists in locomotive depots;

Standards for the number of outfitters, drivers of sand-feeding units, distributors of petroleum products and time standards for outfitting traction rolling stock;

Standards for the number of receivers of locomotives and multi-unit rolling stock of railways.

Standardized task– the required range and volume of work that must be completed by one worker or team in a certain period of time.

At railway transport enterprises, for example, the following standardized tasks are used:

Industry time standards and standardized tasks for workers in the repair and maintenance of equipment at railway carriage enterprises;

The application of one or another type of norm depends on production conditions, the nature of work and other factors. However, the main type of norms are time norms, since working time is a universal measure of the amount of labor expended. Working time costs are the basis for calculating production, service and headcount standards.

The standard time includes preparatory and final time (Tpz), operational time (Top), time for servicing the workplace (Tobs), time for rest and personal needs (Totd) and the time of regulated breaks caused by technology and organization of the production process (Tpt):

Nvr = Tpz + Top + Tobs + Totd + Tpt.

The norm of piece time includes main time, auxiliary time, maintenance time, time for organizational services, time for rest and personal needs, and time for breaks associated with the peculiarities of the technological process (Fig. 3.2).

When producing products in separate series (batches), the preparatory and final time is set for the entire batch, since it does not depend on the quantity of homogeneous products manufactured according to a specific task. In this case, the norm of piece-calculation time is considered as the full standard of time for manufacturing a unit of product:

where n is the number of products in the batch.

Figure 3.2 – Structure of a technically sound time standard

When determining the duration of individual elements of time standards, factors that influence the methodology for their calculation are taken into account: type of production; the nature of the state of technological and labor processes; number of machines serviced by one worker; frequency of repetition and duration of the production process. The individual time standard is defined as the ratio of the operational time required to perform the production operation Top and the coefficient of use of working time during the shift:

The team time standard is equal to the sum of the time standards for all operations performed by the team for the production of a unit of product:

where n is the number of operations performed by the team.

Technically sound time standards are established on the basis of a thorough analysis and identification of all production capabilities of each workshop, site, workplace, as well as a study of the components of this operation.

When establishing technically sound standards, the following sequence of work is observed:

1) analyze the normalized operation according to its structural elements;

2) design the rational composition and content of the operation by elements;

3) develop the most rational technological mode of operation of the equipment for this operation;

4) determine the regulations for the labor process of the performing worker;

5) calculate the standard time for an operation based on the duration of individual elements, taking into account their rational combination, possible combination (overlap), etc.;

6) develop organizational and technical measures to ensure the implementation of the designed operation with all related modes and methods of work.

Experimental and statistical standards are established, as a rule, based on the experience of foremen or raters or on the basis of an analysis of the implementation of standards in similar operations.

Technically sound standards are progressive and objective; they have a comprehensive technical, organizational, psychophysiological and socio-economic justification.

Labor standardization methods

The development of labor standards that meet the requirements presented to them largely depends on the labor standardization methods used in production.

Standardization methods is a set of methods for establishing labor standards, including analysis of the labor process, design of rational technology and labor organization, and calculation of standards.

The choice of standardization method is determined by the production program and the repeatability of the technological operation. The greater the repeatability of the operation, the more accurately the elements of the technological process, labor organization, production and management must be calculated.

In single production, products are manufactured using enlarged route technology, and in mass production - using detailed operational technology.

In mechanical engineering, analytical and experimental-statistical methods of labor standardization are used (Fig. 3.3).

Figure 3.3 – System of labor standardization methods

The essence of analytical methods is that the norm is established on the basis of a comprehensive study and critical analysis of a specific labor process, dividing it into elements, the rationality of organizing the workplace, the techniques and methods of work used, taking into account the capabilities of the equipment, psychophysiological factors and working conditions. As a result of this analysis, the most effective modes of operation of equipment, rational techniques and methods of work, the sequence of labor actions are determined, shortcomings in the organization of the workplace and working conditions are eliminated, rational modes of work and rest are established, and then the necessary time spent on each element is calculated and a standard is designed labor costs for the work as a whole. Such norms are called technically justified.

Analytical and research methods are based on the study of an operation in a production environment and the study of the working time spent on its implementation using timing and photography of the working day. These methods acquire particular importance in the study and generalization of advanced labor techniques, in the development of standards for establishing technically sound standards by calculation. These methods allow you to:

1) study the process under specific production conditions;

2) analyze and design a rational structure of the operation;

3) develop and implement measures to improve the organization of work in the workplace;

Using analytical research methods, you can obtain more complete data for the analysis and design of a specific operation. They are used in the development and adjustment of standards, as well as for standardizing large-scale and mass production operations that are not covered by the system of standards.

With analytical-calculation methods, the duration of the standardized operation is found by calculation, using standards to determine the time spent on its individual elements. In this case, they use the current differentiated standards (normative method) for various types of processing by type of production, enlarged and complex standards, nomograms, and tables. This method is typical for rationing operations of mass and large-scale production. Variety normative method is microelement labor rationing. It is based on the recognition of the fact that the entire variety of worker actions can be reduced to a limited number of elementary, simple labor movements of the worker’s fingers, arms, body, legs, and visual elements. These primary elements of a labor operation are called microelements. The advantage of this method is that when calculating time standards, the most rational sequence and composition of movements and work techniques performed by the worker are designed. Norms calculated according to microelement standards have a high degree of accuracy.

With the calculation-comparative method, standards are established on the basis of comparison and calculation of standard operations, standard technological processes, standard organization labor and jobs. Such time standards, although they provide for element-by-element calculations, will be more aggregated and less accurate than when calculating using the methods described above. This method is used in small-scale and single-unit production.

An important task of managing labor standards is to create conditions for labor standards to fulfill their basic functions.

In market relations, the meanings and role of the main functions of labor standards change.

The function of the labor standard as a measure of labor in a centralized economy was not fulfilled in practice, because the norms of working time expenditure were derived from the measure of remuneration for labor from the existing or achieved level of wages without a sufficient assessment of the necessary labor costs, without reasonable consideration of obvious and hidden losses of working time and opportunities to increase labor productivity through better organization and standardization. This weakened the importance of the role of this function of the labor standard, led to equalization in pay, reduced the economic interest of the employee, gave rise in some cases to increased staff turnover, and, consequently, led to insufficiently effective use labor potential workers. IN modern conditions The role of the labor standard function increases as a measure of the work activity of each employee, as well as the level of his tension and pace of work.

The function of rationing as wage standards during the transition to a market economy goes beyond government regulation, becomes a function of the enterprise. The tariff is not a limiter, but only a state guarantee of the level of payment for work of a certain qualification. The company can change the level tariff schedule at appropriate inter-category ratios and the base rate of the first category, determined by the subsistence level. The time norm becomes a means of distribution and stimulation, motivation of work activity, which is where its economic significance is manifested.

Having no direct connection with the employee’s earnings, the time standard essentially becomes the production time required to complete the technological process, subject to the effective use of material and compliance (services), i.e. is designed to perform the function of a regulator of the production process (cycle) of manufacturing products (rendering services). In this capacity, it is advisable to use labor cost standards for the operational management of production, determining the labor intensity of products (services), calculating the growth of labor productivity, comparative analysis and comparison of labor results, assessing the level of equipment and technology, organizing production and labor, and, ultimately, assessing the level of management of a given enterprise (organization).

All of the above indicates that at present time production management is becoming one of the main tasks of the employer in an enterprise of any form of ownership and management.

In the process of managing labor standardization at an enterprise, both current and future tasks must be solved, searching for and using reserves for reducing labor costs per unit of product / service / by influencing the improvement of equipment, technology, production organizations, labor and enterprise management as a whole. At the same time, it is necessary to involve workers in the rational use of working time, working according to progressive labor standards, etc.

Current challenges are related to the efficient use of labor at each workplace.

At the workplace, issues of the effective use of “live” labor must be resolved by establishing reasonable costs of auxiliary time, workplace maintenance time and other labor costs. These costs are directly related to the organization of the labor process, namely: its construction in time and space, content, labor methods, layout, equipment and maintenance of a given workplace; conditions and level of labor intensity.

Issues need to be resolved in the workplace rational use“materialized labor” in objects and means of labor by establishing progressive operating modes of equipment, basic time (machine, machine-manual, automated).

At the workplace, the entire “chain” of rationing labor costs is carried out (“life cycle of labor standards”), namely:

Study of the standardized process /work, function, operation/;
designing the rational content, composition and methods of implementing the labor process, as well as the layout, equipment and maintenance of the workplace;
calculation of labor cost norms and implementation in production;
analysis of the established and current norms by progressiveness, degree of tension and other indicators;
replacement and revision of the norm of each norm at .

The implementation of the “chain” in terms of timing and content is carried out depending on economic needs, incl. commercial activities enterprises.

The most important task of labor management at an enterprise is to determine the required number of personnel and placement in the production process. The number is planned based on the labor intensity of the product, the number of jobs and service standards, and time of attendance. The number of managers, specialists and other employees is planned on the basis of the normative method using various mathematical and statistical methods.

The promising tasks of managing labor standards at an enterprise include the following:

Assessing labor costs at the industry level and identifying opportunities to achieve or reduce them;
checking, as production develops, the economic feasibility of further reducing labor costs per unit of production when carrying out certain activities.

The first group of tasks is related to market conditions, namely, the need to confront a competitor in terms of labor costs while maintaining the quality of the product produced.

The solution to the second group of problems is determined by the level of demand for the products being created in terms of price and quality.

For successful implementation The main tasks of the labor standardization system at an enterprise (organization) are recommended to be carried out:

Assessment of the actual state of labor standardization based on the main indicators and activities of the labor service;
selection of the most rational forms and systems for managing labor standards, depending on the scale and enterprise and other factors;
analysis of the coverage of labor standards for various categories of workers and the possibilities of expanding the scope of labor standards in order to determine the degree of workload of each employee and his contribution to the overall result;
analysis of the quality of current labor cost standards for the enterprise as a whole and at each workplace, taking into account the degree of their intensity;
study of available methodological recommendations and regulatory information materials used to measure working time costs and establish optimal labor costs (in terms of time and number);
assessment of the effectiveness of use computer technology for standardization and design of labor processes.

A feature of modern management in the field of standardization of labor processes is the creation of labor standardization programs based on systematic approach.

The development of programs involves a preliminary financial and economic justification for improving the standardization of labor for certain groups or categories of workers. In this case, the main indicator, as a rule, is the profit per unit of cost. Then the entire complex of works is determined, the order and timing of their implementation, the possibilities of using modern methods And technical means, software for solving assigned problems, etc.

In order to effectively implement the content and objectives of the labor standardization system at the enterprise, it is recommended to make wider use of domestic and foreign experience on the problem.

Composition and content of work on labor standardization at the enterprise

Labor rationing is the process of establishing the necessary labor inputs and its results, the optimal number of workers of various categories and groups, their specific ratios in the total number, the necessary ratios between the number of workers and the number of pieces of equipment /machines, installations, instruments, etc./

At the same time, labor regulation is a type of activity to address issues of labor regulation in specific production conditions. The results of work on labor standardization are largely determined by the professional level of labor specialists, their experience and, no less important, the ability to contact workers in the process of standardization and organization of their work.

Analysis of the production process, dividing it into parts;
choice optimal option technology and labor organization;
designing equipment operating modes, work techniques and methods, workplace maintenance systems, work and rest modes;
determination of labor standards in accordance with the characteristics of technological and labor processes, their implementation and subsequent adjustment as the organizational and technical conditions of production change.

The scope of work on labor standardization at an enterprise is determined by solving problems of operational standardization and tasks related to conducting research on certain issues in the field of labor

Operational rationing work typically includes:

Establishment /calculation/ and implementation of labor cost standards for performing various works /functions/ on this enterprise;
pricing of work and determination of individual prices;
control over the introduction of established labor standards and compliance with the organizational and technical conditions provided for by them and the requirements for the rational organization of labor processes at each workplace;

Carrying out certification, replacement and revision of labor cost standards based on an assessment of their quality, incl. tension.

Depending on the organizational structure, forms and systems for managing labor standards at a specific enterprise to operational work Other functions may also be included.

Regulatory research work on labor standardization at an enterprise, as a rule, includes issues of drawing up methodological developments on standardization of new types of work, as well as local regulatory materials on labor, creation of unified technical and standard documentation, reporting and other information on labor.

Studying the use of working time and identifying reserves for increasing the productivity (efficiency) of personnel, as well as studying labor processes in the workplace, choosing effective methods and methods for their implementation, certification of jobs and their rationalization also belong to the functions of “normative research work”

The share of work performed by labor specialists in the function of “operational standardization” and the function of “regulatory research work on labor” is determined by the structure of labor authorities, forms and systems of labor standardization management.

Organizational structures, forms and systems for managing labor standards

Organizational structures, forms and systems for managing labor standards are determined general structure management of the enterprise, the nature, type and volume of products, etc., in general - the tasks of the production, economic and commercial activities of the enterprise.

Construction of the organizational structure of labor regulation bodies at an enterprise, as a rule, includes solving the following issues:

Distribution of work on labor standardization between various services / for example, the Department of Labor Organization and Wages and the services of the Chief Technologist and the Chief Metallurgist; labor organization service and technical and economic planning service; Department of Labor and Wages Organization and Information and Computing Center, etc. / enterprise;
distribution of work on labor standardization between general plant and shop services, between any divisions of the enterprise;
implementation of information links between the Department of Labor and Wages and other technical and management services on labor standardization issues;
determination of the subordination of factory and workshop services for labor standardization in common system management of the enterprise as a whole.

In practice, there is diversity in the performance of functions and tasks of labor regulation assigned to various services enterprises. Depending on the scale of the enterprise and its organizational structure, the labor standardization service may have a management, department, bureau/group/ and other level. Individual enterprises cannot always create a unit for labor standards; they are recommended to use the services of consulting firms, implementation and others.

All services and production divisions of the enterprise under the supervision of the department of labor organization and wages must take part in managing the work on labor standardization.

A standard regulation on the Department of Labor Organization and Wages in the 80s was developed and approved in relation to the production association /plant/. It defines the main areas of work and functions assigned to these departments at enterprises. However, in the practice of enterprises there is significant diversity in the performance of individual functions of labor regulation. Currently, this situation is explained by many factors and, first of all, the complete independence of enterprises/organizations/ in resolving issues of labor regulation management.

According to domestic practice, in most enterprises the entire range of work on labor standardization was carried out by the Department of Labor and Wages. At a number of enterprises, the standardization of work in the main production was carried out by technologists of the relevant technological departments (chief technologist, chief metallurgist, etc.), the study of labor processes and the development of labor standards, as well as the standardization of work on servicing the main production was carried out by the Department of Labor and Wages.

At some enterprises, the standardization of work in the main production was carried out by standardization specialists, and the establishment of processing modes and the amount of machine/main/time was carried out by technologists.

Depending on the scale and structure of the enterprise, the organization of labor standardization can be built according to centralized, decentralized and mixed systems.

The centralized system of organizing labor standards provides for the concentration of normative and research work in general plant services, as a rule, in the department of labor organization and wages. Its advantage is the possibility of pursuing a unified policy in this area of ​​activity and ensuring equal intensity of labor standards in the production departments of enterprises.

A centralized system for organizing labor standardization ensures full use of the labor standardization engineer’s working time and his uniform workload, more efficient use of his knowledge, etc.

Specialization by types of regulated work /functions/ significantly improves the quality of standards and ensures their equal intensity for homogeneous technological operations, regardless of the place of their implementation.

The system is also advisable in cases where the enterprise does not have enough qualified specialists in organizing and regulating labor, as it allows for more efficient use of available personnel.

IN practical activities In enterprises, there are two types of centralized system for organizing labor standards, characterized by the centralization of the calculation of labor cost standards in the Department of Labor and Wages or in the Department of the Chief Technologist.

In the first case, standardization bureaus are created in the departments of labor organization and wages, specializing in types of work. Based on the technological process maps and other information they receive, bureau employees fill out technical-standardization maps and transfer them to computer centers to calculate labor intensity. The order of movement and execution of documents is varied and depends on the specifics and existing organization of production.

In the second case, labor standardization groups are created in technological departments, which calculate labor standards simultaneously with the development of technological processes. This greatly increases the responsibility of technologists for the efficiency of the processes being developed. Often, technologists also perform other work, such as the implementation of labor standards, preparation of materials for the revision and replacement of existing labor cost standards, accounting functions, analysis and reporting on labor intensity. Centralization of labor standardization ensures convergence of standards in terms of intensity level, reduces the amount of additional work associated with deviations from technology.

The introduction of electronic computer technology into production management creates ample opportunities for automating the calculation of norms and standards, recording their implementation, as well as for specializing workers in the standardization of certain types of work (functions), which helps improve the quality of the developed norms and standards and reduce the labor intensity of their establishment. In this regard, the introduction of a centralized system can be recommended for enterprises of different scale and nature of activity.

Currently, many specialists and practitioners are of the opinion that it is necessary to make wider use of the centralized labor standardization system, to include specialists of various profiles in its services, including designers, technologists, physiologists, psychologists, along with labor specialists. This approach will make it possible to establish justified production-necessary labor costs, starting from the operation to the labor intensity of the product, based on a system of standards of varying degrees of aggregation.

The effectiveness of centralization of labor regulation has been confirmed by the practice of many enterprises/organizations/.

The decentralized system of organizing labor standards provides for the establishment of labor cost standards directly in the shops (other structural divisions of the enterprise). It assumes double subordination of the standard setter: methodological – to the head of the Labor and Wages Department, administrative – to the head of the workshop.

The system is appropriate for large enterprises, as a rule, with medium-scale and small-scale types of production, where it is difficult to establish standards in a centralized manner. The system can be effective only if the production departments are staffed with qualified personnel for labor standardization. At enterprises where integrated methods of labor standardization predominate (based on standard standards and integrated time standards), the establishment of standards can be entrusted to employees of production departments, for example, a foreman, a site manager etc., with general coordination and methodological guidance of this work from the labor and wages department. These are enterprises with a predominance of instrumental processes, geological exploration, logging, etc.

With a decentralized system of organizing labor standards at an enterprise, equal intensity of standards for homogeneous technological operations is not ensured. In addition, the standardizer is often busy performing functions unusual for him, which when large quantities existing standards makes it difficult to analyze them qualitatively and timely replace and revise them.

The mixed system of organizing labor standards has variations depending on the options for redistributing functions between certain services of the enterprise. A variant of the mixed system is advisable in enterprises with a medium-batch type of production, when the establishment of standards for mastered products in the main production is carried out in the labor and wages department, and for mastered products and one-time work - decentralized, in workshops.

At some enterprises, the Department of Labor and Wages centralizes the function of calculating labor standards, and analysis and control of their quality, execution of work orders, preparation of reports and other routine work are carried out by standardization officers in the shops.

With all management systems, the department of labor organization and wages must provide methodological guidance to the work and provide assistance to shop services, as well as coordinate work to reduce labor costs, control the quality of existing labor standards and regulations and ensure their timely replacement and revision. In production departments, responsibility for the state of labor standardization should be borne by the head of this unit and directly by the head of the shop labor standardization service.

The effectiveness of work on organizing and rationing labor at an enterprise largely depends on the level of professional training of workers engaged in this area and knowledge of the basics of organizing and rationing labor by employers.

Labor standardization methods

The norm is the quantitative size of the maximum allowable consumption of elements of the production process or the minimum required result of using these resources.

Standards for rationing labor are the initial values ​​used to calculate the duration of completion of individual elements of work under specific organizational and technical production conditions. Thus, time standards establish the necessary time spent on performing individual elements of technological and labor processes. The objects of development of time standards are elements of labor and technological processes, as well as types (categories) of working time costs.

The labor standardization method is understood as a method of researching and designing the labor process to establish labor cost standards.

There are two main types of methods for rationing working time costs: total and analytical.

Summary methods, which include experimental, experimental-statistical methods and the comparison method, involve the establishment of time standards for the operation as a whole (in total), and not for its component elements. The labor process, as a rule, is not analyzed, the rationality of performing techniques and the time spent on their implementation are not studied. The determination of the norm is based on the use of data from operational and statistical accounting of the actual costs of working time and the experience of norm setters.

Analytical methods, which include research, calculation and mathematical-statistical methods, involve the analysis of a specific labor process, dividing it into elements, designing rational modes of operation of equipment and working methods of workers, determining standards for elements of the labor process, taking into account the specifics of specific workplaces and production facilities. units, establishing standards for the operation.

With the research method, the labor standard is determined on the basis of a study of the working time required to perform a labor operation by conducting time-keeping observations.

With the calculation method, labor standards are established on the basis of pre-developed time standards and equipment operating mode standards.

The mathematical-statistical method involves establishing statistical dependencies of time standards on factors influencing the labor intensity of standardized work.

Technical labor standardization

Productivity goals

The main problem of production organizers in this area, regardless of the form of ownership, is the downward trend.

In this regard, the main goals of the services in this direction are:

Reducing production costs and increasing profitability;
increasing production flexibility;
improving the quality of goods;
improvement of technical and technological control processes.

Productivity is related to both quantity (number of hours, labor costs) and quality of labor (technology features, volume, quality of personnel).

Labor productivity management includes the following elements:

It is necessary to take into account factors that impede productivity growth, such as a decrease in the price of labor with constant growth and an increase in the level of costs of restoring working capacity.

Labor rationing is an event to assess the amount of labor that must be implemented within a given technology.

Work standardization activities in personnel management are complex and make it possible to solve related problems. Main goals of rationing:

Production planning and determination of personnel requirements (quality and quantity);
calculation of wage costs;
assessment of changes in productivity, production efficiency;

To create an effective labor standardization system at an enterprise, it is necessary to:

Activity analysis;
calculation and approval of basic standards;
monitoring the technical level of production, planning the revision of standards depending on changes in the material condition;
introduction of forms of material incentives for increasing productivity;
monitoring of labor standards.

Determining the needs for workers and specialists at the enterprise

The main objectives of labor standardization are to establish measures of labor costs, the specific expression of which is:

Time standards;
production standards;
service standards;
population norms.

Technical labor standardization is the process of establishing standards for working time in specific organizational and technical conditions.

Standard time is the time allotted for producing a unit of product or performing a certain job (in hours, minutes, seconds).

The production rate is the amount of product that must be produced by a worker per unit of time.

The service rate is the number of pieces of equipment, production space, etc., established for service by one or a group of workers.

The standard maintenance time is the necessary and sufficient time for servicing a piece of equipment during a certain calendar period (one shift, month).

The headcount standard is the number of workers established to service a facility or perform a certain amount of work.

Labor cost standards can be established for an operation, product, work, or set of works. They differ in period and field of activity, in the method of establishment, degree of consolidation, in the method of construction, etc.

Working time spent at the workplace is divided into:

Standardized time;
irregular time.

Standardized time is the time required to complete an operation or work.

Irregular time occurs due to various technical and organizational problems (not included in the standard time).

Rationing of managerial work

Due to the lack of regulation and variability of the activities of engineering, technical and management personnel, traditional methods of rationing their work may be ineffective.

Currently, the following methods of rationing managerial work are used:

The analogue method is based on taking into account the experience of efficiently operating enterprises;
method of integrated headcount standards - based on indirect measurement of the labor intensity of work and calculation of the number of engineers and managers for the entire production and by department;
direct rationing method (for constantly repeating work or work that can be divided into repeating operations) - through division into operations and analysis of the time required to carry out operations.

Methods for establishing labor standards

The analytical and research method of establishing labor standards is based on studying the cost of working time through observations and includes:

Direct measurement of time values ​​(timing and photography of the working day);
photographing using the method of instant observations.

Timing is a method of studying the working time costs of repeatedly repeated manual and machine-manual elements of operations by measuring them. Used (mainly) in large-scale and mass production to establish operating standards and verify standards established by calculation. The object of the study is the operation and its elements, and its goal is to establish the main and auxiliary time or time spent on individual work techniques. Timing can be continuous or selective. With continuous timing, its object is all elements of operational time, and with selective timing, individual elements of operational time or a technical operation are measured.

A workday photograph is an observation conducted to study all work time spent during a shift or part of a shift. They can be individual, group, team, etc.

Purpose of the photo:

Identification of lost working time;
establishing the causes of losses;
development of measures to eliminate losses;
obtaining data on the need for the number of workers, as well as to create time standards.

The method of instant observations allows you to determine the amount of working time spent without resorting to their direct measurement. It is used when observing a large number of objects. The method is based on the use of the principles of probability theory, and its essence is to replace continuous recording of time with direct measurements ( regular photos) taking into account the number of observed moments.

The data obtained make it possible to determine the specific gravity and absolute values ​​of time spent by elements.

The calculation-analytical method of establishing standards involves the establishment of labor standards based on the application of labor standards and calculation formulas. It allows you to avoid having to resort to time-consuming processes of timing and photography every time. Labor standards are established before the operation is introduced into production, which significantly reduces the costs of establishing them.

Labor standards consist of:

From standards for processing modes and equipment performance;
standards for time spent on completing work elements;
standards of labor costs for servicing a unit of equipment for one worker or team.

To determine most standards, timekeeping and a photograph of the working day are used. Thus, the research method is the basis for labor standardization.

Labor standards are divided into:

To differentiated (elemental);
enlarged.

Differentiated (elemental) standards are established for other techniques labor actions.

Integrated standards are regulated time spent on performing a set of work practices, combined into one group.

The importance of labor regulation in modern conditions

Under the conditions of various forms of ownership, including labor, the employer and employee have an increased economic interest in establishing reasonable costs of working time and its use.

The employer, as the owner of the means of production (or part thereof), seeks to extract maximum profit from their use through the rational use of employee labor with minimal costs, including the optimal number of personnel, minimal working hours while ensuring High Quality goods (services).

As market relations develop, issues of labor regulation are increasingly associated with the socio-economic aspects of management, since the problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of personnel labor remains the most pressing.

An employee who realizes his working abilities has an increased interest in more efficient use of working time, and at the same time, demands normal conditions labor and its optimal intensity, established on the basis of objectively calculated costs.

Without regulatory regulation working hours in terms of duration, degree of tension (intensity), organization of rational use of labor costs, market relations cannot take place within an enterprise of any form of ownership and management structure.

Full economic independence or freedom of enterprise characteristic of market economy, along with the choice of product (service) range, organizational and legal forms and management structures, financial planning and solving other economic and production issues, presupposes independence in managing the number of personnel, recruiting personnel, choosing forms and systems of remuneration and methods of its organization, in resolving issues of replacing and revising standards and other rationing tasks.

This means that in modern conditions the direction of resolving labor issues is transferred to the enterprise level.

For entrepreneurship, accurate accounting and control of production costs, including labor resources, as well as increasing labor productivity of all categories of workers, primarily through the most rational use of working time. These goals are achieved through labor standardization.

Analysis of labor standards

An analysis of the state of labor standards is carried out with the aim of systematically monitoring the quality of existing labor standards and developing, on this basis, measures aimed at improving it.

The main goal of the analysis is to identify the true reasons for non-fulfillment or significant over-fulfillment of labor standards and to outline ways to overcome shortcomings to increase labor productivity.

It is rational to analyze the quality of labor standards in the following order:

Determining the level of implementation of operational and comprehensive labor standards;
- assessment of the quality of individual operational and complex labor standards;
- assessment of the quality of the set of operational and comprehensive labor standards and the state of labor standardization in departments;
- analysis of labor standards by profession, forms of labor organization, types of standards;
- analysis in technological direction;
- analysis by production area.

The level of fulfillment of production standards is determined from the ratio of actual and standard values ​​characterizing the labor process.

Currently, three methods are used to determine the level of fulfillment of production standards: by the volume of work performed, time spent on completing a given amount of work and piecework wages for the completed volume of work on the main work.

The method for determining the level of fulfillment of production standards by the volume of work performed is simple and intuitive, but is applicable only for homogeneous work.

Therefore, for dissimilar work, it is advisable to use other calculation methods.

The method of determining the level of fulfillment of production (time) standards based on the amount of working time spent in the main profession has an unlimited scope of application. Here, all types of work are measured by one measure - working time.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not take into account the quality of labor.

The method for determining the level of fulfillment of production (time) standards based on piecework wages can be used both for a set of homogeneous and heterogeneous work with different units of measurement of production by process. The level of fulfillment of wage standards is determined by comparing piecework wages and earnings at the tariff for the main profession for the volume of work performed.

The level of compliance with standards, calculated by wages, takes into account both the quantity and quality of labor. The use of this method requires accurate accounting of piecework earnings and accurate calculation of the labor intensity of work.

When assessing the quality of operational and comprehensive labor standards, the compliance of the actual mining, geological, technical and organizational conditions provided for when establishing the standard must be checked.

When checking the compliance of the actual mining and geological conditions provided for when developing the standard, it is necessary to clarify the adequacy of the extracted thickness of the layer (vein), the angle of incidence, the category of stability and the strength of the mineral and rocks. The incorrect choice of this indicator distorts the norm for a given workplace.

When checking the compliance of labor tools provided for by the standard with those actually used in the workplace, it is necessary to take into account the type and power of the machines.
When checking the forms of labor organization and the composition of work, the actual composition of operations and the organization of work are compared with the standard composition and organization of work according to the Unified Tax Code.

The quality assessment of the established complex standard of time (production) for a complex work process is carried out similarly for each work process included in the complex process. Particular attention should be paid to the actual composition of the work processes included in the complex norm, because The work often includes work that is not needed according to the adopted technology; its direct purpose is to increase the complex time standard.

The quality criteria for the set of standards in the department are:

Share of technically sound labor standards;
- average percentage of fulfillment of labor standards in the aggregate;
- distribution of piece workers according to the level of fulfillment of labor standards.

The share of technically sound standards should be traced using data over a number of years. It shows the trend in the development of standards and the state of labor regulation in the department.

The average percentage of compliance with labor standards and their intensity over a number of years make it possible to make a more in-depth and objective assessment of the quality of the set of labor standards and the state of standardization in the department.

The intensity of labor standards is the ratio of the actual time for completing a unit of work to the time according to the established norm. The smaller the difference between them, the higher the quality of labor standards. The optimal tension is 1.0.

Based on the dynamics of norm tension, one can judge the development trend of a set of norms in a department. If the average tension of norms approaches the optimal value (1.0), this indicates an improvement in the quality of the set of norms in the unit.

By the nature of the distribution of piece workers according to the level of compliance with standards, one can judge not only the quality of current labor standards, but also the reserves for growth in labor productivity in the areas and in the unit as a whole.

When analyzing the implementation of labor standards, one cannot limit oneself to determining the average percentage of compliance with standards for a department or production process, since general positive indicators may hide facts of unsatisfactory implementation of established labor standards at sites and in units of the production process. It is necessary to investigate the nature of the distribution of workers into groups according to the level of fulfillment of production (time) standards.

When production standards for the work process for specific workplaces are calculated correctly and the conditions laid down in the standards are created at the workplace, the vast majority of qualified workers (90%) comply with the standards. Some of the more qualified workers exceed the standards by 5-10% and a small part of the most qualified workers by 10-20%. Therefore, cases of massive exceeding of technically justified standards, considered qualitative, by more than 5-10% should be specially studied. Attention should also be paid to the massive failure to comply with production (time) standards.

The following should be considered as an acceptable distribution: 90% of workers fulfill the standards; 4-5% of employees exceed standards by 5-10%; 2-3% of employees exceed standards by 10-20%; 2-3% of workers do not meet standards. Comparing the actual distribution with the standard allows you to: assess the quality of current labor standards and the state of standardization and labor organization at workplaces, sites and departments, focus attention on those work processes, workplaces, sites and parts of the production process where the analysis revealed massive over-fulfillment or failure to meet established standards labor standards.

Analysis of the quality of labor standards by profession is carried out by distributing workers of a certain profession according to the level of fulfillment of labor standards.

The distribution of piece workers of the same profession will make it possible to assess the quality of labor standards depending on the technical equipment, work experience and qualifications of the worker.

These data will be useful for developing measures to create equal intensity of labor standards across professions and improve the skills of workers.

Analysis of labor standards by technological area allows us to assess the quality of labor standards at the stages of the production process.

Analysis of the implementation of labor standards in a technological direction is carried out in stages according to the following scheme: work process, workplace, area, link in the production process.

Analysis of labor standards by production area allows you to assess the quality of labor standards for the production areas of the division and thereby deepen the analysis in the technological area.

Analysis of the implementation of labor standards in the production area is carried out in stages according to the following scheme: work process, workplace, site, division.

For clarity, a series of rows of distribution of piece workers is constructed, revealing the influence of individual jobs and sections on the formation of the average percentage of fulfillment of standards for the division.

Analysis of norms in the areas considered is a comprehensive analysis. It allows you to reveal shortcomings in standardization by department and develop measures to eliminate them.

Analysis of labor rationing for temporary workers.

The analysis examines the work to expand the scope of labor standardization, the introduction of standardized tasks, identifies professions and the number of workers not covered by standardization and the reasons why standards are not established for these workers; the implementation of the calendar plan for the replacement and revision of standards is being studied; compliance with the actual and standard number of temporary workers by area and profession.

During the analysis process, the quality of time standards and service for temporary workers is selectively checked; the practice of establishing standardized tasks, recording their implementation, organizing the volume of work performed, and calculating the standard number of workers is studied; the reasons for the deviation of the actual number from the standard are identified.

Based on the results of the inspection, proposals should be prepared to improve the standardization of labor for temporary workers. The content of these proposals will depend on the nature of the identified deficiencies.

Analysis of labor standards for specialists and employees.

The main directions of the analysis of labor standardization for specialists and employees coincide with the analysis of labor standardization for temporary workers (studying work to expand the scope of labor standardization for this category of workers; the need to develop regulatory framework to standardize the work of specialists and employees; identifying the reasons for not establishing labor cost standards for individual positions of employees, etc.).

When analyzing the standardization of labor for specialists and employees Special attention should be devoted to studying the degree of compliance job descriptions the nature and objectives of the workplace of a specialist, employee, the presence of quantitative indicators of employee activity; degree of workload of the employee during the working period (month, quarter, year); degree of observance of executive discipline; identifying duplication of work, performing unusual, random work; the presence of real proposals to improve the performance of the Company (structural unit, workshop, site, etc.).

At the end of the analysis, proposals are prepared to improve the standardization of labor for this category of workers. The essence of these proposals should be aimed at eliminating the identified shortcomings in the standardization of labor of specialists and employees.

Basics of labor regulation

Currently, due to the increasing interest in the problem of labor standardization on the part of enterprises of various forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms of management, the task of ensuring the high quality of established labor cost standards and their validity from both economic and social points of view is becoming increasingly urgent.

This necessitates the use of domestic and foreign experience rationing of labor and at the same time developing the theory, methods and methods of establishing standards for labor costs in relation to modern conditions.

As a branch of labor science, labor regulation has a subject, object and means of research.

The subject is a person, the object is labor processes, the means of research are analytical methods and methods of studying, measuring and designing labor standards (quantitative and qualitative measures of labor).

Only this science makes it possible to generate accurate information for conducting research in order to solve economic, technical, technological and socio-legal problems at any economic facility, regardless of the form of ownership and management structures.

The diversity of a person’s work activity determines various methods and methods for determining the cost of working time for its implementation.

The methodology for measuring working time costs involves research, design and establishment on this basis of a measure of labor and, as a synonym, the standard of labor required to perform a certain amount of work in compliance with the quality requirements of the results in specific organizational and technical production conditions by one or a group / team / of workers of the corresponding qualifications.

The labor standardization method refers to the methodological principles that determine the design and calculation of the amount of working time spent and the development of normative materials for the standardization of labor processes.

The method of labor standardization determines the choice of methodology for calculating the standard and the initial data used to determine the specific value of the labor standard for a given job.

As the basic labor standards, Article 160, Chapter 22 Labor Standardization of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, production standards, time standards, and service standards have been adopted.

The time standard is the amount of working time established to complete a unit of work (product, service) by one or a group of workers with appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions. If the labor intensity of the work includes a large share of time for preparing a batch of parts (product units), which is typical for machine tools and other mechanized processes, then separate standards for piece and preparatory and final time should be established.

The production rate is the number of units of products (services) of a certain type that must be performed by one employee or group of employees of appropriate qualifications per unit of working time (hour, shift, month or other unit) in given organizational and technical conditions. The production rate is established if there are possibilities for quantitative accounting and control of products (services), if the same work is performed systematically during a work shift with a constant number of performers.

The service standard is the number of objects (workplaces, pieces of equipment, production areas, etc.) that an employee or group of employees of appropriate qualifications are required to service per unit of working time (during a shift, month or other unit) in organizational and technical data. conditions.

In practice, other labor standards are established, derivatives of the basic ones.

These are standards for service time, standards for the number of personnel and the ratios of certain categories of groups of workers, standards for controllability (number of subordinates), operational and complex standards for the conditions of collective/team/organization and remuneration, standardized tasks for workers paid on time, specialists and other employees .

The standard maintenance time is the time required in specific organizational and technical conditions for servicing a unit of equipment, production area, etc. during a certain calendar period of time (usually a shift or a month).

The headcount standard is the established number of workers of a certain professional and qualification composition necessary to perform specific production or managerial functions or volumes of work in given organizational and technical conditions. The use of headcount standards makes it possible to make objective and rational decisions when planning the number of all categories of workers, its distribution among management levels and divisions, to establish optimal relationships between various qualification categories, assessing the degree of labor intensity, to improve and implement effective systems of motivation for work activity.

The controllability norm - the number of subordinates - is the optimal number of workers who must be supervised by one or more managers (for example, the head of a workshop and his deputy, a foreman, etc.) of appropriate qualifications under certain organizational and technical production conditions

The ratio norm is the number of employees of a particular qualification or position that falls on one employee of another qualification or position. For example, the norm of the relationship between engineers and technicians can be expressed in the number of technicians per engineer, etc.

The complex norm is the norm of labor costs for a team to perform a set of works to produce a unit of product, taken as the final measure of collective labor. In mechanical engineering, for example, a set of parts, a unit, or a product is taken as a unit of final product.

The complex standard is calculated on the basis of operational standards (standards of time, production, maintenance, etc.) or according to aggregated standards.

When determining its value, the effect of team work, obtained due to the advantages of the collective form of labor organization, should be taken into account. This refers to the growth of labor productivity through the development of multi-machine services, combination of professions (functions), interaction and interchangeability of workers in the process of collective labor; shift transfers “on the fly”, etc.

The establishment of comprehensive standards is accompanied by a calculation of the optimal size of a brigade when it is created and a check of the actual number in existing brigades.

Operational standards (time, output, service, etc.) are used in teams for the rational division and cooperation of labor, setting production tasks for individual workers, calculating the number and placement of workers and assessing the labor contribution of each team member to the final results of work.

The normalized task of the brigade is a specific volume of work that must be completed by a team of temporary workers for a certain period of time in compliance with (the work).

The transition to a collective form of organization and remuneration creates conditions for increasing the intensity of labor, and therefore the relevance of the problem of a comprehensive justification of the established labor standards, their replacement and revision as work and working conditions are mastered increases.

A standardized task is the composition and volume of work (functions) established by labor standardization methods that must be performed by an employee or group of workers (team) for a certain calendar period of time (work shift, day, month or other unit of time) in compliance with the quality requirements for the work performed at time payment labor.

Depending on the validity period, there are conditionally permanent, temporary, one-time and seasonal labor standards.

Conditionally permanent standards are established for the conditions of mastered production and full technological and organizational equipment of workplaces and are applied until revised or replaced due to changes in the conditions for which they are designed.

Temporary standards are calculated for a certain period corresponding to the development period new products, equipment, technology, organization of production and labor. As a rule, the period is set in agreement with the employer and the trade union body.

One-time standards are established for individual unscheduled work (emergency, accidental, etc.) or not provided for by technology. They are valid during the execution period specified works, unless conditionally permanent or temporary labor standards are introduced.

Seasonal standards are applied in seasonal industries, for example in agriculture, peat mining, etc., and are valid for deadline.

According to the method of establishing and validity, labor standards are divided into experimental-statistical, technical and comprehensively justified

Experimental-statistical standards are labor standards, usually developed on the basis of statistical data, as well as based on the experience of standard setters, foremen, etc. They do not sufficiently reflect the organizational and technical capabilities of a given production, the level of labor productivity, personal reserves of workers and must be replaced comprehensively justified.

Technically sound standards are labor standards established by the analytical method of standardization and focused on the fullest use of all production reserves, working hours in terms of duration and level of labor intensity, and pace of work. The main advantage of these standards is that when they are applied, opportunities are created to identify reserves in relation to the necessary labor costs, and not according to the achieved level of labor productivity.

Currently, increasing demands are placed on the quality of labor standards, which explains the need for their comprehensive justification for all factors influencing their value.

The main methods of labor standardization are summary experimental-statistical, analytical (analytically research and analytically calculated) and mathematics - statistical.

The first method is based on data on the performance of similar work, or operational accounting data, production reporting, or statistical data on the production or expenditure of working time on orders, etc., or materials of summary observations of the use of working time, or the results of expert assessments, as well as the experience of a standardizer, technologist, foreman and other specialists.

The analytical method makes it possible to establish more substantiated labor standards, the implementation of which should help increase labor productivity and, in general, the efficiency of the enterprise’s commercial activities.

With the analytical-calculation method, labor standards are calculated on the basis of labor standards. The method provides the necessary degree of validity of the norms. In addition, the method allows you to set standards before the start of production of a new product, which makes it possible to reduce the validity period of temporary standards.

With the analytical-research method, the initial information for establishing labor standards is based on the results of studies of labor and production processes by taking photographs of working hours, timekeeping, photo timing, momentary observations or experiments

To standardize the labor of workers engaged in maintenance and production management, methods and methods are used based on mathematical statistical analysis and the determination of multifactorial dependencies between quantitative and qualitative factors and labor costs. Factors are expressed in their indirect measurements through the number of employees, the number of objects serviced or other indicators characterizing the total cost of working time to perform the regulated work /function/. This method of rationing labor is usually called mathematically statistical.

In our opinion, promising areas of theoretical and methodological developments in the field of standardization and labor organization include the following:

Preparation of new methods and normative materials on labor in relation to the content labor functions and the responsibilities of employees in the context of the introduction of new technologies, equipment, forms of organization of labor processes, production and management;
expanding the use of analytical methods for measuring the measure of labor, studying and designing labor processes for various groups of workers and professions based on microelement standards, as well as the wider use of modern technology, computing tools and mathematical methods processing research results with adjustments to calculation models;
improving analytical methods for studying and measuring labor standards using the CONT system (comprehensive justification of labor standards), the essence of which is the simultaneous consideration of all factors characterizing production and the performer, optimization of technological and labor processes, as well as labor costs;
development of the theory of labor intensity and methods of its application in order to establish standards for labor costs of equal intensity while observing the principles of social justice;
scientific justification for improving labor organization in the workplace.

One of the directions for improving the methodology of labor standardization is further development an analytical method for establishing reasonable standards for labor costs based on full accounting and analysis of all factors influencing their value, i.e. increasing the scientific basis for labor standards by establishing them.

The essence of a comprehensive justification lies in the simultaneous analysis of factors characterizing production and the performer of the standardized work /function/, optimization of technological and labor processes and the level of labor costs.

This process is methodologically presented in the form of stages of technical, technological, organizational and physiological, social and legal, and ultimately economic justification for the established norms of labor costs for performing a particular job /function/.

Technical factors are the parameters of the technological process, equipment, tools, devices, technical requirements to product quality, etc. The main task of the technical justification of labor standards is to optimize the operating modes of equipment and tools, which consists in choosing such conditions for the implementation of the technological process that ensure the highest labor productivity and efficient use of material elements of production - technological equipment, etc. while ensuring the specified parameters of product quality .

Organizational factors- these are characteristics of the organization of labor processes of workers, including the organization of workplaces (their layout, equipment), systems and types of services, methods and techniques of work, etc.

Psychophysiological factors characterize the influence of labor processes on the body of workers (physical and mental energy expenditure, degree of fatigue, etc.). These indicators must be taken into account when establishing labor standards, and, above all, time standards and standards for rest and personal needs during the work shift. The physiological justification involves establishing the optimal content and composition of the regulated labor process and its elements from the position of labor physiology and the normal level of labor intensity, work and rest regime, providing workers high performance and life activity.

Sanitary and hygienic factors determine the conditions of the production environment (level of illumination of workplaces, air temperature, noise, vibration, etc.) and working conditions at the workplace, which affect the labor costs of workers. These conditions are regulated by relevant documents and regulations.

Social factors reflect three the most important characteristics: high-quality professional and qualification level of personnel, workers’ attitude to work, social working conditions.

Legal factors are the length of working hours, forms of relationship between employer and employee, etc.

In a market economy, when the goal of production management as a whole is to satisfy the demand for manufactured products (goods) and ensure their full implementation, and economic task- obtaining profit (income), the importance of structural factors increases, significantly influencing the establishment of production-required standards for labor costs. Structural factors are changes in the production program in the composition and ratio of various types of products due to changes in demand and supply in the market for goods (services). In this case, changes may concern either a separate production or division, or be general character, for example, in conditions of conversion, requiring a restructuring of the management of the entire production. To reduce the negative impact of structural changes in the process of their implementation on the productivity (efficiency) of workers and results economic activity enterprises need to take measures to develop production that meets market demand for goods (services).

Economic forces- these are, as a rule, final indicators of production efficiency that should be taken into account when establishing labor standards. These include factors such as the degree of use of equipment and working time, consumption of materials, etc., as well as the volume of available production resources, for example, the number of pieces of equipment when establishing service and staffing standards.

Economic justification labor standards is associated with the determination of appropriate proportions in the costs of living and past labor embodied in tools and objects of labor. This is especially true when establishing optimal standards of service for multi-machine workers, adjusters in mechanical engineering, assistant craftsmen, weavers in textile industry and other employees whose work activity is related to equipment maintenance, technical devices and so on.

For practical standardization, it is important to identify the interaction of these factors in the process of justifying standards and establishing the necessary expenditure of working time.

With the analytical and research method of standardization, a comprehensive justification of the labor standard is carried out in the process of its establishment at each workplace.

Determining labor standards using the analytical and calculation method involves the use of comprehensively justified regulatory materials.

When developing labor standards, averaged rational decisions, typified and in a certain way, are substantiated in relation to various values ​​and combinations of factors. At the same time, the degree of enlargement of the standards being developed, the gradation of factors, layouts and tables, correction factors and, in general, the methodology for designing standard materials are justified.

Thus, the entire system of labor norms and standards developed and used at the enterprise in modern conditions of complete economic and organizational independence should become comprehensively justified.

It is recommended to select the best variant of labor standards for the conditions of a particular workplace on the basis of the optimality criterion, taking into account a system of restrictions that determines the area of ​​acceptable knowledge of the values ​​of labor cost standards and options for organizing the standardized labor process.

When establishing a system of restrictions and an optimality criterion, two options for solving the problem are proposed - minimizing the costs necessary to obtain a given result and maximizing the result at given costs / resources /. Due to the fact that the task of labor standardization is to establish the production required labor costs, the main limitation is considered to be a given result.

When justifying the time standard, the criterion is the performance of the standardized work /function/ in accordance with the specified technical and other conditions.

The task of justifying the standards of service, number, as well as the division and cooperation of labor in the placement of personnel is associated with the implementation of the production program by a given production unit and other tasks of the economic activity of the enterprise.

As a criterion for the optimal labor norm, an economic indicator should be selected that characterizes the sum of the minimized costs of “living” and “materialized” labor, and the social aspect of justifying the tension of the established norm on the basis of an assessment of labor intensity should be taken into account.

It should be borne in mind that primary attention to the standardization of “living” labor without determining the costs of “materialized” labor leads to a deterioration in the economic condition of the enterprise and a decrease in the competitiveness of manufactured products on the market.

In modern conditions, the task of improving the methods and methods of standardization using a system of comprehensive justification of labor cost standards, as well as productivity standards of machines/equipment, etc., standards for the consumption of tools, materials and other standards of “materialized” labor is becoming increasingly urgent.

An important direction for improving the methodology of labor standardization is the use of labor intensity indicators when establishing equally intense standards of labor costs for performing all types of work / functions / at the enterprise.

TO promising direction Improving the methodology of labor standardization includes the wider use in normative research work on labor of systems of microelement time standards, as well as modern technology when conducting observations, processing the results of studying working time costs and forming conclusions and corresponding proposals on the issues being studied.

Improving the methodology of labor standardization in modern conditions, along with the use of domestic experience on the problem, is the task of practical standardization at the enterprise.

The conditions for the development of the science of “Labor Standardization” are:

Creation of an organizational structure for labor management at the level of the Russian Ministry of Labor and constituent entities Russian Federation and others government agencies by work;
training of labor specialists (specialty “Organization of labor standards”) in universities and within the framework of secondary technical training;
legislative procedure for establishing, implementing, revising and replacing labor standards;
creation of an appropriate all-Russian program, supported by the necessary funding.

In order to ensure the unity of normative, methodological, software, information and organizational support for the problem, it is necessary to bring the conceptual apparatus in the sphere of labor (at all levels of federal, regional, enterprise management) into conformity with government documents, acts and other reference and legislative documentation.

Rationing of labor costs

For work not provided for in ENiR and VNiR, labor costs and wages should be calculated according to local production standards approved in in the prescribed manner, and if it is impossible to apply these standards - on the basis of time-lapse observation data using technical standardization methods or by calculation based on technological maps production of construction work (as a rule, technological maps are developed for mass construction projects or specialized construction projects).

At the same time, if when developing individual resource-estimate standards, ENiR collections issued in 1987 are used, then a correction factor of 1.52 must be applied to the labor cost standards, and k = 2.376 to the wages of construction workers.

To take into account small operations that are difficult to standardize, inevitable even in the conditions of proper organization of labor, 3/1 is added to the total number of man-days calculated according to production standards (with the exception of work calculated according to local standards and on the basis of technological maps).

The wages of construction workers when drawing up individual prices can also be determined according to the corresponding ENR standard, based on the number of man-hours of labor costs and hourly tariff rates.

Regulations on labor standards

This Regulation is subject to application in all associations (plants), enterprises, organizations and institutions, regardless of their departmental subordination.

Ministries (departments), together with central (republican) committees (councils) of trade unions, specify these Regulations in the relevant recommendations, taking into account the specifics of production and management.

1. Methodological basis for organizing labor standards

1.1. Labor rationing is component(function) of production management and includes determining the necessary labor (time) costs for performing work (manufacturing a unit of production) by individual workers (teams) and establishing labor standards on this basis.

Necessary costs are those corresponding to the efficient use of labor and material resources for specific production conditions, subject to scientifically based work and rest regimes.

1.2. The organization of labor standardization in the national economy is regulated by the Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and union republics on labor, resolutions of the party and government, resolutions and clarifications of the State Committee for Labor of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, as well as regulations ministries and departments of the USSR, Councils of Ministers of the Union republics and these Regulations.

1.3. When rationing the labor of workers and employees, the following types of labor standards are applied: time standard, production standard, service standard, number norm (standard).

The time standard is the amount of working time established to perform a unit of work by an employee or group of workers (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions.

The production rate is a set amount of work (number of units of production) that an employee or group of workers (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications is required to perform (manufacture, transport, etc.) per unit of working time under certain organizational and technical conditions.

The service rate is the number of production facilities (equipment units, workplaces, facilities, etc.) that an employee or group of workers (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications are required to service during a unit of working time in certain organizational and technical conditions. Service standards are intended to standardize the labor of workers engaged in servicing equipment, production areas, workplaces, etc.

A variation of the service standard is the controllability standard, which determines the number of employees who must be managed by one manager.

The headcount standard is the established number of workers of a certain professional qualification required to perform specific production, management functions or volumes of work. Based on headcount standards, labor costs are also determined by profession, specialty, group or type of work, individual functions, for the enterprise or workshop as a whole, and its structural division.

In order to increase the labor efficiency of time-paid workers, they establish standardized tasks based on the above types of labor standards.

A standardized task is a set amount of work that an employee or a group of workers (in particular, a team) is required to perform per work shift, work month (respectively, a shift and a monthly standardized task) or in another unit of working time for time-based work.

1.4. Labor standards are established for a separate operation (operational norm) and an interconnected group of operations, a complete set of works (enlarged, complex norm). The degree of differentiation of standards is determined by the type and scale of production, the characteristics of the products produced, and forms of labor organization.

Enlarged, complex standards are established for a planned accounting (accounting) unit of production (work), as a rule, for a finished product, unit, brigade set, technically separate processing unit, volume of agricultural work, stage or construction project. They are used, as a rule, in conditions of collective forms of labor organization.

1.5. Labor standards should be determined mainly based on normative materials for labor standardization, approved centrally.

Standard materials for labor standardization include: labor standards (time standards, including microelement standards, number standards, service time standards), unified and standard standards (time, production, service).

Labor standards are regulated values ​​(values) of labor (time) costs for performing individual elements (complexes) of work, servicing a unit of equipment, workplace, team, structural unit, etc., as well as the number of workers required to perform production , managerial functions or the amount of work taken as a unit of measurement, depending on specific organizational and technical conditions and.

A variety of headcount standards are standard states.

Uniform labor standards are developed for work performed using the same technology under similar production conditions in one or a number of industries National economy, and are mandatory for use at all enterprises when rationing the labor of workers in the relevant types of work.

When uniform standards are approved, a period for their implementation is established so that enterprises, within the specified time, can bring the actual production and labor conditions into conformity with those for which the uniform standards are designed.

Standard labor standards are developed for work performed according to standard technology, taking into account rational (for a given production) organizational and technical conditions that already exist in the majority or part of enterprises where such types of work exist. Standard standards are recommended as a standard for enterprises where the organizational and technical conditions of production have not yet reached the level for which the specified standards are designed.

1.6. According to the scope of application, regulatory materials for labor standards are divided into intersectoral, sectoral (departmental) and local.

Intersectoral unified and standard norms and standards are approved by the USSR State Committee for Labor together with the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, and uniform production standards and prices for construction, installation and repair work are approved by the USSR State Committee for Labor, the USSR State Construction Committee together with the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

Industry (departmental) unified and standard norms and standards are developed in the absence of corresponding intersectoral norms and standards and are approved by the ministry (department) in agreement with the central (republican) committee (council) of trade unions.

Local regulatory materials are developed based on individual species work in cases where there are no corresponding inter-industry or sectoral (departmental) regulatory materials, as well as when creating more progressive organizational and technical conditions at the enterprise compared to those taken into account when developing existing inter-industry and sectoral (departmental) regulatory materials for labor standards. Local regulatory materials are approved by the enterprise administration in agreement with the trade union committee.

1.7. The system of labor norms and standards in force in the national economy should provide the ability to calculate the total labor intensity of products for all elements of the production process, products, personnel groups and structural divisions.

1.8. Along with the standards established for work that is stable in terms of organizational and technical conditions, temporary and one-time standards are applied.

Temporary norms are established for the period of mastering certain works in the absence of approved regulatory materials for labor standardization. The validity period of temporary regulations should not exceed three months.

One-time norms are set at individual works, which are isolated in nature (unscheduled, emergency).

1.9. Mandatory for application at enterprises are intersectoral and sectoral (departmental) norms and standards included in the list of labor norms and standards that are mandatory for application, approved by the ministry (department). In the specified lists, if there are relevant types of work, intersectoral labor norms and standards approved by the State Committee for Labor of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, as well as the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, the State Construction Committee of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions must be included.

1.10. The work of workers should be standardized mainly according to technically sound standards.

Technically justified are the standards established by the analytical method of standardization and corresponding to the achieved level of technology and technology, organization of production and labor.

Technically sound labor standards include:

Unified and standard standards;
standards established on the basis of intersectoral and sectoral (departmental) labor standards;
standards established by local labor standards that are more progressive than intersectoral or sectoral (departmental) standards;
local standards established by the analytical method of standardization, taking into account technical data on equipment performance, the results of a study of working time costs, and the requirements of the scientific organization of labor.

2. The procedure for establishing, checking, replacing and revising labor standards

2.1. Labor standards for the production of new products are developed simultaneously with technological processes in accordance with the designed organizational and technical conditions for the production of these products and the established design labor intensity.

2.2. In order to ensure progressiveness, equal intensity and increase the accuracy of calculating labor standards, reducing the time and labor intensity of their establishment, computers are used. Calculation of standards, as a rule, is carried out in a single cycle with automated design of technological processes.

2.3. The introduction of new labor standards and standardized tasks, including amended and revised ones, is carried out by the enterprise administration in agreement with the trade union committee.

Workers and employees must be notified in advance of the introduction of new labor standards and standardized tasks, but no later than one month in advance.

Employees may be notified of the introduction of temporary and one-time labor standards, as well as enlarged, complex standards and standardized tasks established on the basis of approved operational labor standards, in less than a month, but in all cases before the start of work.

2.4. Organizational and technical conditions of production (labor organization, technology, equipment, tooling, etc.) at workplaces where new labor standards will be applied must be brought into line with the requirements projected in the standards when they were developed.

2.5. When launching a new product into production, a schedule for achieving its design labor intensity is developed, taking into account the development of design capacities and other technical and economic indicators, as well as technically sound standards designed for the design technology, organization of production and labor.

2.6. The use at enterprises of correction factors that weaken the tension of standards calculated on the basis of intersectoral and sectoral (departmental) regulatory materials for labor standardization is allowed only with the consent of the organization of higher subordination and the corresponding trade union body, as well as in other cases provided for labor legislation(establishing reduced production standards for young workers, disabled people and old-age pensioners, women machine operators, etc.). The grounds for issuing permission to apply correction factors may be: development production capacity, new technology, technology, new types of products or non-compliance of the actual organizational and technical conditions of production with those provided for in the newly introduced labor standards and standards. Correction factors are set to technically sound standards designed for design technology, organization of production and labor. The validity period of the coefficients is determined in each specific case depending on the complexity of the production being mastered, the product (technological process), the procedure for preparing production, the qualifications of workers, etc., but cannot exceed:

Standard deadlines for the development of production capacities, new products, equipment and technology;
one year - if the actual organizational and technical conditions do not correspond to those projected in the newly introduced norms and standards (this period can only be extended with the permission of the ministry (department)).

As production is mastered or organizational and technical conditions are brought into compliance with those projected in the norms or regulations, correction factors are reduced and ultimately canceled according to pre-developed and approved schedules. The use of correction factors is not a basis for increasing planning fund wages.

In case of temporary deviation of actual working conditions from the designed ones (mismatch of material, tools, temporary deviation from technology, etc.), labor standards do not change. In this case, the employee is given an appropriate additional payment according to a special work order for the period of bringing actual working conditions into compliance with the designed ones.

2.7. The standards are subject to mandatory replacement with new ones as organizational, technical and economic measures are introduced into production that ensure an increase in labor productivity, regardless of whether these measures were included in the calendar plan for the replacement and revision of standards or not.

Such activities include: introduction of new and modernization of existing equipment; introduction of more advanced technology, improvement of technical and organizational equipment and tools; improving product design; mechanization and automation of production processes, improvement of workplace organization, their rationalization; use of new types of materials, raw materials, fuel; implementation of rationalization proposals, intersectoral, sectoral (departmental) labor standards and standards included by the ministry (department) in the lists for mandatory application, etc. In these cases, existing standards are replaced by new, more progressive standards, depending on the effectiveness of the measures being implemented.

Labor standards are also subject to change when the batch of parts (products) processed (manufactured) by a worker (team) or the flow cycle increases or decreases.

2.8. In order to maintain the progressive level of labor standards in force at the enterprise, they are subject to mandatory verification during the certification process of workplaces (the procedure for certification of workplaces is regulated by relevant industry regulations). In cases where workplace certification is not envisaged, each standard is checked at least twice every five years.

Current labor standards are checked certification commissions, approved by the heads of enterprises.

Based on the results of the inspection for each standard, a decision is made: to certify or not to certify.

Technically sound standards corresponding to the achieved level of technology and production organization and labor are recognized as certified.

Outdated and erroneously established standards are considered uncertified and are subject to revision.

The standards in force for work, the labor intensity of which has decreased as a result of a general improvement in the organization of production and labor, growth professional excellence and improving the production skills of workers and employees.

Norms are considered erroneous if, when establishing them, the organizational and technical conditions were incorrectly taken into account or if there were inaccuracies in the application of normative materials or in the calculations.

2.9. The revision of outdated standards is carried out within the time frame and extent established by the head of the enterprise in agreement with the trade union committee in the calendar plan for the replacement and revision of labor standards.

The revision of erroneous norms is carried out as they are identified in agreement with the trade union committee.

2.10. The use by workers (employees) or a team on their own initiative of new work methods and best practices, improvement of workplaces on their own, improvement of their professional skills and on this basis achieving a high level of output during the period between certification of workplaces (inspections of standards) is not grounds for revision labor standards by decision of the administration. Revision of standards in these cases can only be carried out on the initiative of teams of teams, workers and employees, for which they are encouraged in the prescribed manner.

2.11. In order to systematically work to reduce labor costs and ensure the progressiveness of existing standards, the enterprise, before the beginning of the year, develops a calendar plan for the replacement and revision of labor standards, which is included in the technical industrial financial plan (construction financial plan).

The development of this plan is carried out on the basis of the measures planned for implementation in the plan for technical development and organization of production and other economic measures that ensure the implementation of tasks for increasing labor productivity (reducing the labor intensity of products) approved in the five-year and annual plans, as well as taking into account the results of certification of workplaces and inspections of current labor standards.

In cases where the certification of workplaces and the corresponding verification of labor standards is carried out during the year, based on the results of the inspection, additional measures are developed for the calendar plan for replacing and revising labor standards.

The draft calendar plan for the replacement and revision of standards is submitted for discussion labor collective and, taking into account his recommendations, is approved by the head of the enterprise in agreement with the trade union committee. Plan activities and tasks to reduce the labor intensity of products are communicated to teams structural divisions enterprises (shops, departments, sections, etc.) and production teams.

2.12. The administration of the enterprise and the trade union committee are obliged to explain to each employee (crew) the reasons for replacing or revising standards, to familiarize him with the methods, work techniques and conditions under which they should be applied.

2.13. Work on labor standardization is carried out at the enterprise by the administration together with the trade union committee with the broad participation of labor collectives in accordance with the USSR Law on labor collectives and increasing their role in the management of enterprises, institutions, and organizations.

In order to widely involve labor collectives in the development and implementation of measures to improve the quality of applied labor standards, timely replace them with new ones, ensure the revision of outdated standards and increase labor productivity on this basis at enterprises, mutual obligations of the administration and the trade union committee are accepted to reduce the labor intensity of products, increase the level of rationing, increasing specific gravity technically sound production and maintenance standards, standardized tasks, timely revision of outdated and erroneously established labor standards. These obligations are closely linked to the corresponding indicators of the technical industrial and financial plan, the construction and financial plan (tasks for increasing labor productivity, reducing the labor intensity of products, introducing new equipment and technology, etc.) and are reflected in the section “Payment and labor standards” of the collective agreement.

2.14. The enterprise administration and the trade union committee must constantly support and develop the initiative of workers and employees to review existing and introduce new, more progressive labor standards.

Trade union committees provide every possible assistance to the administration in ensuring the correct establishment of new and changes in existing norms, and strive to create necessary conditions to ensure that all employees comply with established standards, they actively participate in the introduction of best practices in the field of labor standards.

3. Material incentives to work according to progressive standards

3.1. In order to increase the interest of workers in working according to progressive standards and reducing labor costs, the administration of the enterprise and the trade union committee are obliged to widely use the rights granted to them according to material incentives for work according to technically sound standards of the initiators of the implementation or revision of technically sound standards, for the development of new labor standards, expansion of service areas and an increase in the volume of work performed with a smaller number of workers, etc.

3.2. When mastering new labor standards established in connection with the replacement of existing standards based on the introduction of organizational and technical measures, as well as in connection with the revision of outdated standards, part of the wage fund savings obtained as a result of reducing the labor intensity of products can be used for additional payment of workers during 3 - 6 months for the period of their mastering new standards, as well as for bonuses for foremen, standard setters, technologists and other workers at production sites who were directly involved in the development and implementation of new labor standards (clause 34 of Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 729).

3.3. Workers who initiate the revision of standards may be paid a one-time remuneration of at least 50 percent of the wage fund savings resulting from the implementation or revision of technically sound standards on their initiative. Salary fund savings are calculated based on the estimated volume of work that must be performed by the workers who initiated the revision of standards, but not more than 6 months (clause 53 "c" of Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers No. 695).

3.4. To increase the interest of workers in the implementation of technically sound standards, they may be given increased prices (for piece workers) and increased tariff rates(time workers) upon transition to work according to standards established on the basis of intersectoral, sectoral (departmental) and other more progressive labor standards, in the amounts provided for by the Resolution of the State Committee of Labor of the USSR and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions N 367/24-33 (clause 12 of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions N 540).

3.5. Apply for time workers the tariff rates of piece workers in accordance with subparagraph "b" of paragraph 81 of the Regulations on the Socialist State manufacturing plant subject to their work in accordance with intersectoral, sectoral (departmental) and other technically sound labor standards (standardized tasks).

3.6. In order to strengthen the material interest of workers in accelerating the growth of labor productivity and performing the established volume of work with a smaller number of personnel, material incentives can be applied to them for combining professions (positions), expanding service areas and increasing the volume of work performed with a smaller number of workers, as well as performing along with with the main job duties of temporarily absent workers (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N 1145).

4. System for monitoring the state of labor standards

Control over the state of labor regulation in the national economy is carried out at all levels of management.

The USSR State Labor Committee and the USSR State Construction Committee (in terms of construction) are responsible for the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of organizing labor standardization in the national economy. Together with the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, they monitor the state of labor standards in sectors of the national economy and develop measures to improve it.

The USSR State Planning Committee exercises control over the state of labor standardization by checking the compliance of the indicators of the total labor intensity of products presented by the ministries (departments) of the USSR and the state plans of the Union republics with the established targets for increasing labor productivity in the State Plan for Economic and Social Development of the USSR.

The ministry (department), together with the central, republican committee (council) of trade unions, determines the procedure for organizing labor standards in the industry, monitors its condition and develops measures to improve labor standards at subordinate enterprises.

Control over the state of labor standardization at the enterprise is carried out by the administration together with the trade union committee and with the broad participation of the workforce and (public bureaus for the organization and standardization of labor, people's control groups, Councils of foremen, etc.).

In cases of violations of the established procedure for organizing labor standards, the application of unreasonable standards, unreliable accounting and reporting on labor standards, the heads of ministries (departments), enterprises, and their structural divisions in the prescribed manner bring to disciplinary action the relevant managers and other officials guilty of these violations .

5. The procedure for planning, financing, development and approval of intersectoral and sectoral regulatory materials for labor standardization

5.1. The development of intersectoral regulatory materials for labor standardization is carried out over five years and annual plans scientific and regulatory research work.

Intersectoral plans for the development of normative materials for labor standardization (with the exception of construction) are prepared by the Central Bureau of Labor Standards (CBNT) at the All-Union Scientific and Methodological Center for Labor Organization and Production Management of the USSR State Committee for Labor, coordinated with the relevant ministries (departments) and approved by the USSR State Committee for Labor as agreed with the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions.

In construction, similar plans are prepared by the Central Bureau of Labor Standards in Construction (CBNTS) at the All-Union Scientific Research and Design Institute of Labor in Construction of the USSR State Construction Committee, coordinated with the relevant ministries (departments) and approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in agreement with the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The development of intersectoral regulatory materials for labor standardization is carried out within the framework of the all-Union scientific and technical program, approved for each five-year period by the State Committee for Science and Technology and the State Labor Committee of the USSR.

Plans for sectoral scientific and regulatory research work on labor are developed and approved by the relevant ministries (departments). They provide for participation in the development of intersectoral (in accordance with the intersectoral plan) and sectoral (departmental) regulatory materials for labor standardization. In order to coordinate scientific and normative research work on labor, to eliminate duplication and parallelism in work, draft plans are coordinated with the USSR State Labor Committee before their approval.

The implementation of these plans should meet the needs of industries for labor norms and standards, including for new types of work.

5.2. Financing of intersectoral and sectoral scientific and regulatory research work on labor is carried out by the ministries (departments) responsible for their implementation, in accordance with instructions on the procedure for planning, financing and accounting for costs made from the funds of the unified fund for the development of science and technology, approved by the State Committee for Science and Technology , State Planning Committee of the USSR, Ministry of Finance of the USSR and Central Statistical Office of the USSR N 40-7/224. In construction, financing is carried out at the expense of the fund for the development of new equipment in capital construction, included in the planned and actual cost of construction, installation and repair work, under the heading “overhead costs”.

Ministries (departments) that do not have a unified fund for the development of science and technology finance scientific and regulatory research papers for labor at the expense of centralized funds provided for these purposes in. Financing of contractual works is carried out at the expense of own funds.

5.3. The organization of development and verification (and, if necessary, revision) of intersectoral labor norms and standards (except for construction) is entrusted to the Central Bank of Science and Technology (in construction - to the Central Bank of Science and Technology), and industry (departmental) norms and standards are assigned to the corresponding scientific or regulatory research organization, determined by the ministry (department) as the lead (base) for the development of regulatory materials for standardizing labor in the industry.

5.4. When approving interindustry and sectoral (departmental) labor norms and standards, including enlarged, complex norms, their validity periods are established depending on the nature of production, technological process, type of work, etc., but no more than 5 years.

A year before their expiration, they are subject to mandatory verification for compliance with the achieved level of technology, technology, organization of production and labor. Based on the results of the inspection, the body that approved the relevant rules and regulations makes a decision to extend their validity period or revise them with the introduction of appropriate changes and additions.

5.5. Lists of intersectoral and sectoral (departmental) labor norms and standards, mandatory for application at subordinate enterprises, are approved for the current five-year period by the relevant ministries (departments) in agreement with the central (republican) committees (councils) of trade unions.

As new norms and regulations are approved or revised (re-approved), the necessary clarifications and additions are made to the lists.

5.6. Timely provision of ministries (departments) with intersectoral regulatory materials for labor standardization is entrusted to the Central Bank of Science and Technology, which in the prescribed manner ensures their publication through the publishing house "Economy" (in construction - to the Central Bank of Science and Technology and the publishing house "Stroyizdat"), and enterprises - to the relevant ministries (departments) .